Shoftim 5727
Alef.
MISHNAH. ON ONE OCCASION TWO WITNESSES CAME AND SAID, WE SAW IT IN THE MORNING IN THE EAST AND IN THE EVENING IN THE WEST. R. JOHANAN B. NURI THEREUPON SAID, THEY ARE FALSE WITNESSES. WHEN, HOWEVER, THEY CAME TO JABNEH RABBANGAMALIEL ACCEPTED THEM.
ON ANOTHER OCCASION TWO WITNESSES CAME AND SAID, WE SAW IT AT ITS PROPER TIME, BUT ON THE NIGHT WHICH SHOULD HAVE BEEN NEW MOON IT WAS NOT SEEN, AND RABBAN GAMALIEL [HAD ALREADY] ACCEPTED THEIR EVIDENCE.5 RABBI DOSA B. HARKINAS SAID: THEY ARE FALSE WITNESSES. HOW CAN MEN TESTIFY THAT A WOMAN HAS BORN A CHILD WHEN ON THE NEXT DAY WE SEE HER BELLY STILL SWOLLEN? SAID R. JOSHUA TO HIM: I SEE [THE FORCE OF] YOUR ARGUMENT.
THEREUPON RABBAN GAMALIEL SENT TO HIM TO SAY, I ENJOIN UPON YOU TO APPEAR BEFORE ME WITH YOUR STAFF AND YOUR MONEY ON THE DAY WHICH ACCORDING TO YOUR RECKONING SHOULD BE THE DAY OF ATONEMENT.
R. AKIBA WENT [TO R. JOSHUA] AND FOUND HIM IN GREAT DISTRESS. HE SAID TO HIM: I CAN BRING PROOF [FROM THE SCRIPTURE] THAT WHATEVER RABBAN GAMALIEL HAS DONE IS VALID, BECAUSE IT SAYS, “THESE ARE THE APPOINTED SEASONS OF THE LORD, HOLY CONVOCATIONS, WHICH YE SHALL PROCLAIM IN THEIR APPOINTED SEASONS”, [WHICH MEANS TO SAY THAT] WHETHER THEY ARE PROCLAIMED AT THEIR PROPER TIME OR NOT AT THEIR PROPER TIME, I HAVE NO APPOINTED SEASONS SAVE THESE.
HE [R. JOSHUA] THEN WENT TO R. DOSA B. HARKINAS, WHO SAID TO HIM: IF WE CALL IN QUESTION [THE DECISIONS OF] THE BETH DIN OF RABBAN GAMALIEL, WE MUST CALL IN QUESTION THE DECISIONS OF EVERY BETH DIN WHICH HAS EXISTED SINCE THE DAYS OF MOSES UP TO THE PRESENT TIME. FOR IT SAYS, “THEN WENT UP MOSES AND AARON, NADAB AND ABIHU AND SEVENTY OF THE ELDERS OF ISRAEL”. WHY WERE NOT THE NAMES OF THE ELDERS MENTIONED? TO SHOW THAT EVERY GROUP OF THREE WHICH HAS ACTED AS A BETH DIN OVER ISRAEL IS ON A LEVEL WITH THE BETH DIN OF MOSES.
HE [R. JOSHUA] THEREUPON TOOK HIS STAFF AND HIS MONEY AND WENT TO JABNEH TO RABBAN GAMALIEL ON THE DAY ON WHICH THE DAY OF ATONEMENT FELL ACCORDING TO HIS RECKONING. RABBAN GAMALIEL ROSE AND KISSED HIM ON HIS HEAD AND SAID TO HIM: COME IN PEACE, MY TEACHER AND MY DISCIPLE — MY TEACHER IN WISDOM AND MY DISCIPLE BECAUSE YOU HAVE ACCEPTED MY DECISION.
Alef.
דברים פרק יז
(ח) כִּי יִפָּלֵא מִמְּךָ דָבָר לַמִּשְׁפָּט בֵּין דָּם לְדָם בֵּין דִּין לְדִין וּבֵין נֶגַע לָנֶגַע דִּבְרֵי רִיבֹת בִּשְׁעָרֶיךָ וְקַמְתָּ וְעָלִיתָ אֶל הַמָּקוֹם אֲשֶׁר יִבְחַר יְקֹוָק אֱלֹקיךָ בּוֹ:
(ט) וּבָאתָ אֶל הַכֹּהֲנִים הַלְוִיִּם וְאֶל הַשֹּׁפֵט אֲשֶׁר יִהְיֶה בַּיָּמִים הָהֵם וְדָרַשְׁתָּ וְהִגִּידוּ לְךָ אֵת דְּבַר הַמִּשְׁפָּט:
(י) וְעָשִׂיתָ עַל פִּי הַדָּבָר אֲשֶׁר יַגִּידוּ לְךָ מִן הַמָּקוֹם הַהוּא אֲשֶׁר יִבְחַר יְקֹוָק וְשָׁמַרְתָּ לַעֲשׂוֹת כְּכֹל אֲשֶׁר יוֹרוּךָ:
(יא) עַל פִּי הַתּוֹרָה אֲשֶׁר יוֹרוּךָ וְעַל הַמִּשְׁפָּט אֲשֶׁר יֹאמְרוּ לְךָ תַּעֲשֶׂה לֹא תָסוּר מִן הַדָּבָר אֲשֶׁר יַגִּידוּ לְךָ יָמִין וּשְׂמֹאל:
(יב) וְהָאִישׁ אֲשֶׁר יַעֲשֶׂה בְזָדוֹן לְבִלְתִּי שְׁמֹעַ אֶל הַכֹּהֵן הָעֹמֵד לְשָׁרֶת שָׁם אֶת יְקֹוָק אֱלֹקיךָ אוֹ אֶל הַשֹּׁפֵט וּמֵת הָאִישׁ הַהוּא וּבִעַרְתָּ הָרָע מִיִּשְׂרָאֵל:
- The problem that R. D.Z. Hoffmann is addressing is the addition of the word “הלוים” in v. 9. Even if the Kohanim will be among the judges who will adjudicate cases, what is being added when it is stated that they are also Levi’im? The commentator suggests that the Kehuna at this point is not viewed as the private possession of Aharon’s family, but rather as an aspect of indicating the special status of the entire tribe of Levi. Consequently, it becomes important to identify the Kohanim as a subset of Shevet Levi.
- 1. Siphre understands v. 11 as directing the person requesting a decision to attribute any error that might seem to be made by the judges as the error of the person, while the judges must be treated as if they are infallible. Midrash Shir HaShirim attributes the ability to detect errors to the person who has come for judgment, requiring him to accept the decision only when he believes that no error has been made by the judges.
- 2. According to the Siphre, the phrase at the end of v. 11 “יָמִין וּשְׂמֹאל” expands the universe of cases where the person requesting a judgment must accept the judgment, i.e., not only must the judgment be accepted if the person thinks that the judges are correct, but even if it appears to him that they are incorrect.
- According to Yerushalmi Horiyot, the phrase limits the authority of the judges to impose their judgment, i.e., the need to accept their judgment is narrowed to only those occasions where their decision appears to be free of error.
- 3. The verse in 28:14 is clearly associating the phrase “יָמִין וּשְׂמֹאל” with an objective error. Immediately after the phrase appears in the verse, mention is made of idolatry, i.e., worshipping non-deities. Therefore turning to the right or the left means deviating from the objective truth.
דברים פרק כח
(יד) וְלֹא תָסוּר מִכָּל הַדְּבָרִים אֲשֶׁר אָנֹכִי מְצַוֶּה אֶתְכֶם הַיּוֹם יָמִין וּשְׂמֹאול לָלֶכֶת אַחֲרֵי אֱלֹהִים אֲחֵרִים לְעָבְדָם: ס
- Devarim 17:11 does not have an example following the phrase “יָמִין וּשְׂמֹאל”, allowing for the possibility that subjective rather than objective judgments may be in play.
- Gimel.
- 1.
רמב"ן דברים פרק יז פסוק יא
(יא) ימין ושמאל - אפילו אם אומר לך על ימין שהוא שמאל או על שמאל שהוא ימין, לשון רש"י.
וענינו, אפילו תחשוב בלבך שהם טועים, והדבר פשוט בעיניך כאשר אתה יודע בין ימינך לשמאלך, תעשה כמצותם, ואל תאמר איך אוכל החלב הגמור הזה או אהרוג האיש הנקי הזה, אבל תאמר כך צוה אותי האדון המצוה על המצות שאעשה בכל מצותיו ככל אשר יורוני העומדים לפניו במקום אשר יבחר ועל משמעות דעתם נתן לי התורה אפילו יטעו, Mitzva to carry out what they say even if clear they are mistaken.
וזה כענין רבי יהושע עם ר"ג ביום הכיפורים שחל להיות בחשבונו (ר"ה כה א(*
והצורך במצוה הזאת גדול מאד, כי התורה נתנה לנו בכתב, וידוע הוא שלא ישתוו הדעות בכל הדברים הנולדים, והנה ירבו המחלוקות ותעשה התורה כמה תורות. וחתך לנו הכתוב הדין, שנשמע לבית דין הגדול העומד לפני השם במקום אשר יבחר בכל מה שיאמרו לנו בפירוש התורה, בין שקבלו פירושו עד מפי עד ומשה מפי הגבורה, או שיאמרו כן לפי משמעות המקרא או כוונתה, כי על הדעת שלהם הוא נותן (ס"א לנו) להם התורה, אפילו יהיה בעיניך כמחליף הימין בשמאל, Need a central source to prevent divisiveness and sectarianism.
וכל שכן שיש לך לחשוב שהם אומרים על ימין שהוא ימין, כי רוח השם על משרתי מקדשו ולא יעזוב את חסידיו,** לעולם נשמרו מן הטעות ומן המכשול. Believe that HaShem would not Let them err.
ולשון ספרי (שופטים קנד) אפילו מראין בעיניך על הימין שהוא שמאל ועל שמאל שהוא ימין שמע להם:
*Rosh Hashana 25aMISHNAH. ON ONE OCCASION TWO WITNESSES CAME AND SAID, WE SAW IT IN THE MORNING IN THE EAST AND IN THE EVENING IN THE WEST. R. JOHANAN B. NURI THEREUPON SAID, THEY ARE FALSE WITNESSES. WHEN, HOWEVER, THEY CAME TO JABNEH RABBANGAMALIEL ACCEPTED THEM.
ON ANOTHER OCCASION TWO WITNESSES CAME AND SAID, WE SAW IT AT ITS PROPER TIME, BUT ON THE NIGHT WHICH SHOULD HAVE BEEN NEW MOON IT WAS NOT SEEN, AND RABBAN GAMALIEL [HAD ALREADY] ACCEPTED THEIR EVIDENCE.5 RABBI DOSA B. HARKINAS SAID: THEY ARE FALSE WITNESSES. HOW CAN MEN TESTIFY THAT A WOMAN HAS BORN A CHILD WHEN ON THE NEXT DAY WE SEE HER BELLY STILL SWOLLEN? SAID R. JOSHUA TO HIM: I SEE [THE FORCE OF] YOUR ARGUMENT.
THEREUPON RABBAN GAMALIEL SENT TO HIM TO SAY, I ENJOIN UPON YOU TO APPEAR BEFORE ME WITH YOUR STAFF AND YOUR MONEY ON THE DAY WHICH ACCORDING TO YOUR RECKONING SHOULD BE THE DAY OF ATONEMENT.
R. AKIBA WENT [TO R. JOSHUA] AND FOUND HIM IN GREAT DISTRESS. HE SAID TO HIM: I CAN BRING PROOF [FROM THE SCRIPTURE] THAT WHATEVER RABBAN GAMALIEL HAS DONE IS VALID, BECAUSE IT SAYS, “THESE ARE THE APPOINTED SEASONS OF THE LORD, HOLY CONVOCATIONS, WHICH YE SHALL PROCLAIM IN THEIR APPOINTED SEASONS”, [WHICH MEANS TO SAY THAT] WHETHER THEY ARE PROCLAIMED AT THEIR PROPER TIME OR NOT AT THEIR PROPER TIME, I HAVE NO APPOINTED SEASONS SAVE THESE.
HE [R. JOSHUA] THEN WENT TO R. DOSA B. HARKINAS, WHO SAID TO HIM: IF WE CALL IN QUESTION [THE DECISIONS OF] THE BETH DIN OF RABBAN GAMALIEL, WE MUST CALL IN QUESTION THE DECISIONS OF EVERY BETH DIN WHICH HAS EXISTED SINCE THE DAYS OF MOSES UP TO THE PRESENT TIME. FOR IT SAYS, “THEN WENT UP MOSES AND AARON, NADAB AND ABIHU AND SEVENTY OF THE ELDERS OF ISRAEL”. WHY WERE NOT THE NAMES OF THE ELDERS MENTIONED? TO SHOW THAT EVERY GROUP OF THREE WHICH HAS ACTED AS A BETH DIN OVER ISRAEL IS ON A LEVEL WITH THE BETH DIN OF MOSES.
HE [R. JOSHUA] THEREUPON TOOK HIS STAFF AND HIS MONEY AND WENT TO JABNEH TO RABBAN GAMALIEL ON THE DAY ON WHICH THE DAY OF ATONEMENT FELL ACCORDING TO HIS RECKONING. RABBAN GAMALIEL ROSE AND KISSED HIM ON HIS HEAD AND SAID TO HIM: COME IN PEACE, MY TEACHER AND MY DISCIPLE — MY TEACHER IN WISDOM AND MY DISCIPLE BECAUSE YOU HAVE ACCEPTED MY DECISION.
**רמב"ן דברים פרק יט פסוק יט
(יט) כאשר זמם - ולא כאשר עשה, מכאן אמרו הרגו אין נהרגין, לשון רש"י מדברי רבותינו (מכות ה ב). והטעם בזה, בעבור כי משפט העדים המוזמין בגזרת השליט, שהם שנים ושנים, והנה כאשר יבואו שנים ויעידו על ראובן שהרג את הנפש ויבואו שנים אחרים ויזימו אותם מעדותם צוה הכתוב שיהרגו, כי בזכותו של ראובן שהיה נקי וצדיק בא המעשה הזה אילו היה רשע בן מות לא הצילו השם מיד ב"ד, כאשר אמר (שמות כג ז) "כי לא אצדיק רשע". אבל אם נהרג ראובן, נחשוב שהיה אמת כל אשר העידו עליו הראשונים, כי הוא בעונו מת ואילו היה צדיק לא יעזבנו ה' בידם, כמו שאמר הכתוב (תהלים לז לג) "ה' לא יעזבנו בידו ולא ירשיענו בהשפטו." ועוד שלא יתן ה' השופטים הצדיקים העומדים לפניו לשפוך דם נקי, כי המשפט לאלקים הוא ובקרב אלקים ישפוט. והנה כל זה מעלה גדולה בשופטי ישראל, וההבטחה שהקב"ה מסכים על ידם ועמהם בדבר המשפט. וזה טעם "ועמדו שני האנשים אשר להם הריב לפני ה'" (פסוק יז), כי לפני ה' הם עומדים בבואם לפני הכהנים והשופטים, והוא ינחם בדרך אמת, וכבר הזכרתי מזה בסדר ואלה המשפטים (שמות כא ו):
השגות רמב"ן על ספר המצוות של רמב"ם | רמב"ן על דברים יז:יא |
דיינים הגיעו להחלטתם על ידי: 1) מדרש הכתוב; 2) פירוש הכתוב; 3) מפי השמועה ממשה. | |
אם כל הדיינים לא מסכימים, הולכים אחרי הרוב. מי שחולק על החלטת הדיינים נחשב כזקן ממרא. | x |
ה' מצוה לנו לשמוע ולקבל דברי הב"ד הגדול. | x |
אפילו אם אדם בטוח שהדיינים טועים, עליו לקבל את דעתם. | √ |
חכם הראוי להוראה יכול להחמיר על עצמו אפילו אם הדיינים אומרים להקל. אבל אם הדיינים דנו עם האדם הזה ולא קבלו את דעתו, עליו ללכת על פי הוראתם. | |
x | צריכים לקבל דעת ב"ד הגדול למנוע מחלוקת בישראל. |
| ה' לא יתן לדיינים לעשות טעוית. |
- 2. RaMBaN says in each instance that we are supposed to suspend our personal judgment and accept as the truth whatever the judicial authorities say. R. Yehoshua never accepted as truth what R. Gamliel thought regarding the sanctification of the month; he simply accepted R. Gamliel’s authority to make the determination, once R. Akiva offered a proof text and R. Dosa ben Hurkanus illustrated the logistic nightmare that would ensue should R. Yehoshua refuse to accept R. Gamliel’s authority.
- 3. Even if I continue to believe that they have erred, as reflected in the Baraita in Horiyot, that does not mitigate the Mitzva to follow the dictates of the Beit Din HaGadol, regardless of what I think the objective truth may be. I don’t have to accept their truth, but I do have to accept their decision as to how to act.
- Daled.
ח כִּ֣י יִפָּלֵא֩ מִמְּךָ֨ דָבָ֜ר לַמִּשְׁפָּ֗ט בֵּֽין־דָּ֨ם ׀ לְדָ֜ם בֵּֽין־דִּ֣ין לְדִ֗ין וּבֵ֥ין נֶ֨גַע֙ לָנֶ֔גַע דִּבְרֵ֥י רִיבֹ֖ת בִּשְׁעָרֶ֑יךָ וְקַמְתָּ֣ וְעָלִ֔יתָ אֶ֨ל־הַמָּק֔וֹם אֲשֶׁ֥ר יִבְחַ֛ר יְקוָ֥ק אֱלֹקיךָ בּֽוֹ׃
- 1. It would appear that out of the three elements that are being adjudicated, a) Dam, b) Din and c) Negah, only the second represents a judgment where decisions must be made to distinguish between competing claims of two litigants over monetary or property disputes. Dam and Negah are ritual issues where the status of Tameh or Tahor has to be determined and there usually are not competing interests. Consequently the Revia associates specficially Din with Mishpat.
- 2. The first two three-word phrases have a parallel cantillation with the preposition being attached to each of the first words (Dam and Din) and the individual notes Kadma VeAzla on the one hand, and Munach Revia on the other, serve to draw out the single syllables. This is in contrast to the Pashta Zakef Katan that completes the series of three with notes that are shorter connected to words of two syllables.
- 3. The Mercha Tipcha Etnachta by which Divrei Rivot BiShe’arecha is chanted brings together and concludes the first half of the verse with a general phrase the specific elements immediately preceding it, in the end constituting a Kellal U’Prat U’Kella, i.e., Mishpat---Dam, Din, Negah—Rivot.
- 4. If VeKamta VeAlita would have been chanted with Mahpach Pashta, then the emphasis would be on El HaMakom, i.e., get to the special place any way that you can. However by chanting these words with Munach Zakef Katan, the words VeKamta VaAlita are set off by themselves, suggesting that it’s not only getting to the designated place that is important, but the effort to reach it is also considered an expression of spirituality, in effect promoting Sechar Halicha.
- Heh.
יא עַל־פִּ֨י הַתּוֹרָ֜ה אֲשֶׁ֣ר יוֹר֗וּךָ וְעַל־הַמִּשְׁפָּ֛ט אֲשֶׁר־יֹֽאמְר֥וּ לְךָ֖ תַּֽעֲשֶׂ֑ה לֹ֣א תָס֗וּר מִן־הַדָּבָ֛ר אֲשֶׁר־יַגִּ֥ידֽוּ לְךָ֖ יָמִ֥ין וּשְׂמֹֽאל׃
- By chanting the phrase Al Pi HaTora using Kedma VeAzla, the emphasis is placed upon the term HaTora. This implies that it’s not so much about what is taught, although one has to accept what the authorities say, but rather the fact that whatever they say is to be considered literally the Tora’s view in this particular instance. Such an emphasis would not have been created had the notes been Mahpach Pashta Munach Zakef.
ט כִּֽי־תִשְׁמֹר֩ אֶת־כָּל־הַמִּצְוָ֨ה הַזֹּ֜את לַֽעֲשֹׂתָ֗הּ אֲשֶׁ֨ר אָֽנֹכִ֣י מְצַוְּךָ֮ הַיּוֹם֒ לְאַֽהֲבָ֞ה אֶת־יְקוָ֧ק אֱלֹקיךָ וְלָלֶ֥כֶת בִּדְרָכָ֖יו כָּל־הַיָּמִ֑ים וְיָֽסַפְתָּ֨ לְךָ֥ עוֹד֙ שָׁלֹ֣שׁ עָרִ֔ים עַ֖ל הַשָּׁלֹ֥שׁ הָאֵֽלֶּה׃
- Just as the word Od is chanted with a Pashta introducing Shelosh Arim chanted with Zakef Katan, it is logical that VeYasafta is also a Pashta similarly introducing the same Shelosh Arim, since it is the three cities that are being added.