Tuesday, August 30, 2011

Shoftim Answers

Shoftim 5727
Alef.
דברים פרק יז
(ח) כִּי יִפָּלֵא מִמְּךָ דָבָר לַמִּשְׁפָּט בֵּין דָּם לְדָם בֵּין דִּין לְדִין וּבֵין נֶגַע לָנֶגַע דִּבְרֵי רִיבֹת בִּשְׁעָרֶיךָ וְקַמְתָּ וְעָלִיתָ אֶל הַמָּקוֹם אֲשֶׁר יִבְחַר יְקֹוָק אֱלֹקיךָ בּוֹ:
(ט) וּבָאתָ אֶל הַכֹּהֲנִים הַלְוִיִּם וְאֶל הַשֹּׁפֵט אֲשֶׁר יִהְיֶה בַּיָּמִים הָהֵם וְדָרַשְׁתָּ וְהִגִּידוּ לְךָ אֵת דְּבַר הַמִּשְׁפָּט:
(י) וְעָשִׂיתָ עַל פִּי הַדָּבָר אֲשֶׁר יַגִּידוּ לְךָ מִן הַמָּקוֹם הַהוּא אֲשֶׁר יִבְחַר יְקֹוָק וְשָׁמַרְתָּ לַעֲשׂוֹת כְּכֹל אֲשֶׁר יוֹרוּךָ:
(יא) עַל פִּי הַתּוֹרָה אֲשֶׁר יוֹרוּךָ וְעַל הַמִּשְׁפָּט אֲשֶׁר יֹאמְרוּ לְךָ תַּעֲשֶׂה לֹא תָסוּר מִן הַדָּבָר אֲשֶׁר יַגִּידוּ לְךָ יָמִין וּשְׂמֹאל:
(יב) וְהָאִישׁ אֲשֶׁר יַעֲשֶׂה בְזָדוֹן לְבִלְתִּי שְׁמֹעַ אֶל הַכֹּהֵן הָעֹמֵד לְשָׁרֶת שָׁם אֶת יְקֹוָק אֱלֹקיךָ אוֹ אֶל הַשֹּׁפֵט וּמֵת הָאִישׁ הַהוּא וּבִעַרְתָּ הָרָע מִיִּשְׂרָאֵל:
    The problem that R. D.Z. Hoffmann is addressing is the addition of the word “הלוים” in v. 9. Even if the Kohanim will be among the judges who will adjudicate cases, what is being added when it is stated that they are also Levi’im? The commentator suggests that the Kehuna at this point is not viewed as the private possession of Aharon’s family, but rather as an aspect of indicating the special status of the entire tribe of Levi. Consequently, it becomes important to identify the Kohanim as a subset of Shevet Levi.
Beit.
    1.  Siphre understands v. 11 as directing the person requesting a decision to attribute any error that might seem to be made by the judges as the error of the person, while the judges must be treated as if they are infallible. Midrash Shir HaShirim attributes the ability to detect errors to the person who has come for judgment, requiring him to accept the decision only when he believes that no error has been made by the judges.
    2.  According to the Siphre, the phrase at the end of v. 11 “יָמִין וּשְׂמֹאל” expands the universe of cases where the person requesting a judgment must accept the judgment, i.e., not only must the judgment be accepted if the person thinks that the judges are correct, but even if it appears to him that they are incorrect.
          According to  Yerushalmi Horiyot, the phrase limits the authority of the judges to impose their judgment, i.e., the need to accept their judgment is narrowed to only those occasions where their decision appears to be free of error.
    3.  The verse in 28:14 is clearly associating the phrase “יָמִין וּשְׂמֹאל” with an objective error. Immediately after the phrase appears in the verse, mention is made of idolatry, i.e., worshipping non-deities. Therefore turning to the right or the left means deviating from the objective truth.
דברים פרק כח
(יד) וְלֹא תָסוּר מִכָּל הַדְּבָרִים אֲשֶׁר אָנֹכִי מְצַוֶּה אֶתְכֶם הַיּוֹם יָמִין וּשְׂמֹאול לָלֶכֶת אַחֲרֵי אֱלֹהִים אֲחֵרִים לְעָבְדָם: ס
    Devarim 17:11 does not have an example following the phrase “יָמִין וּשְׂמֹאל”, allowing for the possibility that subjective rather than objective judgments may be in play.
    Gimel.
    1. 
רמב"ן דברים פרק יז פסוק יא
(יא) ימין ושמאל - אפילו אם אומר לך על ימין שהוא שמאל או על שמאל שהוא ימין, לשון רש"י.
וענינו, אפילו תחשוב בלבך שהם טועים, והדבר פשוט בעיניך כאשר אתה יודע בין ימינך לשמאלך, תעשה כמצותם, ואל תאמר איך אוכל החלב הגמור הזה או אהרוג האיש הנקי הזה, אבל תאמר כך צוה אותי האדון המצוה על המצות שאעשה בכל מצותיו ככל אשר יורוני העומדים לפניו במקום אשר יבחר ועל משמעות דעתם נתן לי התורה אפילו יטעו, Mitzva to carry out what they say even if clear they are mistaken.                       
וזה כענין רבי יהושע עם ר"ג ביום הכיפורים שחל להיות בחשבונו (ר"ה כה א(*
והצורך במצוה הזאת גדול מאד, כי התורה נתנה לנו בכתב, וידוע הוא שלא ישתוו הדעות בכל הדברים הנולדים, והנה ירבו המחלוקות ותעשה התורה כמה תורות. וחתך לנו הכתוב הדין, שנשמע לבית דין הגדול העומד לפני השם במקום אשר יבחר בכל מה שיאמרו לנו בפירוש התורה, בין שקבלו פירושו עד מפי עד ומשה מפי הגבורה, או שיאמרו כן לפי משמעות המקרא או כוונתה, כי על הדעת שלהם הוא נותן (ס"א לנו) להם התורה, אפילו יהיה בעיניך כמחליף הימין בשמאל, Need a central source to prevent divisiveness and sectarianism.            
וכל שכן שיש לך לחשוב שהם אומרים על ימין שהוא ימין, כי רוח השם על משרתי מקדשו ולא יעזוב את חסידיו,** לעולם נשמרו מן הטעות ומן המכשול. Believe that HaShem would not Let them err.                                  
ולשון ספרי (שופטים קנד) אפילו מראין בעיניך על הימין שהוא שמאל ועל שמאל שהוא ימין שמע להם:
*Rosh Hashana 25a
MISHNAH. ON ONE OCCASION TWO WITNESSES CAME AND SAID, WE SAW IT IN THE MORNING IN THE EAST AND IN THE EVENING IN THE WEST. R. JOHANAN B. NURI THEREUPON SAID, THEY ARE FALSE WITNESSES. WHEN, HOWEVER, THEY CAME TO JABNEH RABBANGAMALIEL ACCEPTED THEM.
ON ANOTHER OCCASION TWO WITNESSES CAME AND SAID, WE SAW IT AT ITS PROPER TIME, BUT ON THE NIGHT WHICH SHOULD HAVE BEEN NEW MOON IT WAS NOT SEEN, AND RABBAN GAMALIEL [HAD ALREADY] ACCEPTED THEIR EVIDENCE.5 RABBI DOSA B. HARKINAS SAID: THEY ARE FALSE WITNESSES. HOW CAN MEN TESTIFY THAT A WOMAN HAS BORN A CHILD WHEN ON THE NEXT DAY WE SEE HER BELLY STILL SWOLLEN? SAID R. JOSHUA TO HIM: I SEE [THE FORCE OF] YOUR ARGUMENT.
THEREUPON RABBAN GAMALIEL SENT TO HIM TO SAY, I ENJOIN UPON YOU TO APPEAR BEFORE ME WITH YOUR STAFF AND YOUR MONEY ON THE DAY WHICH ACCORDING TO YOUR RECKONING SHOULD BE THE DAY OF ATONEMENT.
R. AKIBA WENT [TO R. JOSHUA] AND FOUND HIM IN GREAT DISTRESS. HE SAID TO HIM: I CAN BRING PROOF [FROM THE SCRIPTURE] THAT WHATEVER RABBAN GAMALIEL HAS DONE IS VALID, BECAUSE IT SAYS, “THESE ARE THE APPOINTED SEASONS OF THE LORD, HOLY CONVOCATIONS, WHICH YE SHALL PROCLAIM IN THEIR APPOINTED SEASONS”, [WHICH MEANS TO SAY THAT] WHETHER THEY ARE PROCLAIMED AT THEIR PROPER TIME OR NOT AT THEIR PROPER TIME, I HAVE NO APPOINTED SEASONS SAVE THESE.
HE [R. JOSHUA] THEN WENT TO R. DOSA B. HARKINAS, WHO SAID TO HIM: IF WE CALL IN QUESTION [THE DECISIONS OF] THE BETH DIN OF RABBAN GAMALIEL, WE MUST CALL IN QUESTION THE DECISIONS OF EVERY BETH DIN WHICH HAS EXISTED SINCE THE DAYS OF MOSES UP TO THE PRESENT TIME. FOR IT SAYS, “THEN WENT UP MOSES AND AARON, NADAB AND ABIHU AND SEVENTY OF THE ELDERS OF ISRAEL”. WHY WERE NOT THE NAMES OF THE ELDERS MENTIONED? TO SHOW THAT EVERY GROUP OF THREE WHICH HAS ACTED AS A BETH DIN OVER ISRAEL IS ON A LEVEL WITH THE BETH DIN OF MOSES.
HE [R. JOSHUA] THEREUPON TOOK HIS STAFF AND HIS MONEY AND WENT TO JABNEH TO RABBAN GAMALIEL ON THE DAY ON WHICH THE DAY OF ATONEMENT FELL ACCORDING TO HIS RECKONING. RABBAN GAMALIEL ROSE AND KISSED HIM ON HIS HEAD AND SAID TO HIM: COME IN PEACE, MY TEACHER AND MY DISCIPLE — MY TEACHER IN WISDOM AND MY DISCIPLE BECAUSE YOU HAVE ACCEPTED MY DECISION.
**רמב"ן דברים פרק יט פסוק יט
(יט) כאשר זמם - ולא כאשר עשה, מכאן אמרו הרגו אין נהרגין, לשון רש"י מדברי רבותינו (מכות ה ב). והטעם בזה, בעבור כי משפט העדים המוזמין בגזרת השליט, שהם שנים ושנים, והנה כאשר יבואו שנים ויעידו על ראובן שהרג את הנפש ויבואו שנים אחרים ויזימו אותם מעדותם צוה הכתוב שיהרגו, כי בזכותו של ראובן שהיה נקי וצדיק בא המעשה הזה אילו היה רשע בן מות לא הצילו השם מיד ב"ד, כאשר אמר (שמות כג ז) "כי לא אצדיק רשע". אבל אם נהרג ראובן, נחשוב שהיה אמת כל אשר העידו עליו הראשונים, כי הוא בעונו מת ואילו היה צדיק לא יעזבנו ה' בידם, כמו שאמר הכתוב (תהלים לז לג) "ה' לא יעזבנו בידו ולא ירשיענו בהשפטו." ועוד שלא יתן ה' השופטים הצדיקים העומדים לפניו לשפוך דם נקי, כי המשפט לאלקים הוא ובקרב אלקים ישפוט. והנה כל זה מעלה גדולה בשופטי ישראל, וההבטחה שהקב"ה מסכים על ידם ועמהם בדבר המשפט. וזה טעם "ועמדו שני האנשים אשר להם הריב לפני ה'" (פסוק יז), כי לפני ה' הם עומדים בבואם לפני הכהנים והשופטים, והוא ינחם בדרך אמת, וכבר הזכרתי מזה בסדר ואלה המשפטים (שמות כא ו):
 
השגות רמב"ן על ספר המצוות של רמב"ם רמב"ן על דברים יז:יא
דיינים הגיעו להחלטתם על ידי: 1) מדרש הכתוב; 2) פירוש הכתוב; 3) מפי השמועה ממשה.
                                   x
אם כל הדיינים לא מסכימים, הולכים אחרי הרוב. מי שחולק על החלטת הדיינים נחשב כזקן ממרא.
                                   x                                   
ה' מצוה לנו לשמוע ולקבל דברי הב"ד הגדול.                                     x
אפילו אם אדם בטוח שהדיינים טועים, עליו לקבל את דעתם.
                                    √                             
חכם הראוי להוראה יכול להחמיר על עצמו אפילו אם הדיינים אומרים להקל. אבל אם הדיינים דנו עם האדם הזה ולא קבלו את דעתו, עליו ללכת על פי הוראתם.
                                    x
                                  x צריכים לקבל דעת ב"ד הגדול למנוע מחלוקת בישראל.
                                  x ה' לא יתן לדיינים לעשות טעוית.

    2. RaMBaN says in each instance that we are supposed to suspend our personal judgment and accept as the truth whatever the judicial authorities say. R. Yehoshua never accepted as truth what R. Gamliel thought regarding the sanctification of the month; he simply accepted R. Gamliel’s authority to make the determination, once R. Akiva offered a proof text and R. Dosa ben Hurkanus illustrated the logistic nightmare that would ensue should R. Yehoshua refuse to accept R. Gamliel’s authority.
    3.  Even if I continue to believe that they have erred, as reflected in the Baraita in Horiyot, that does not mitigate the Mitzva to follow the dictates of the Beit Din HaGadol, regardless of what I think the objective truth may be. I don’t have to accept their truth, but I do have to accept their decision as to how to act.
    Daled.
ח כִּ֣י יִפָּלֵא֩ מִמְּךָ֨ דָבָ֜ר לַמִּשְׁפָּ֗ט בֵּֽין־דָּ֨ם ׀ לְדָ֜ם בֵּֽין־דִּ֣ין לְדִ֗ין וּבֵ֥ין נֶ֨גַע֙ לָנֶ֔גַע דִּבְרֵ֥י רִיבֹ֖ת בִּשְׁעָרֶ֑יךָ וְקַמְתָּ֣ וְעָלִ֔יתָ אֶ֨ל־הַמָּק֔וֹם אֲשֶׁ֥ר יִבְחַ֛ר יְקוָ֥ק אֱלֹקיךָ בּֽוֹ׃
    1.  It would appear that out of the three elements that are being adjudicated, a) Dam, b) Din and c) Negah, only the second represents a judgment where decisions must be made to distinguish between competing claims of two litigants over monetary or property disputes. Dam and Negah are ritual issues where the status of Tameh or Tahor has to be determined and there usually are not competing interests. Consequently the Revia associates specficially Din with Mishpat.
    2.  The first two three-word phrases have a parallel cantillation with the preposition being attached to each of the first words (Dam and Din) and the individual notes Kadma VeAzla on the one hand, and Munach Revia on the other, serve to draw out the single syllables. This is in contrast to the Pashta Zakef Katan that completes the series of three with notes that are shorter connected to words of two syllables.
    3.  The Mercha Tipcha Etnachta by which Divrei Rivot BiShe’arecha is chanted brings together and concludes the first half of the verse with a general phrase the specific elements immediately preceding it, in the end constituting a Kellal U’Prat U’Kella, i.e., Mishpat---Dam, Din, Negah—Rivot.
    4.  If VeKamta VeAlita would have been chanted with Mahpach Pashta, then the emphasis would be on El HaMakom, i.e., get to the special place any way that you can. However by chanting these words with Munach Zakef Katan, the words VeKamta VaAlita are set off by themselves, suggesting that it’s not only getting to the designated place that is important, but the effort to reach it is also considered an expression of spirituality, in effect promoting Sechar Halicha.
    Heh.
יא עַל־פִּ֨י הַתּוֹרָ֜ה אֲשֶׁ֣ר יוֹר֗וּךָ וְעַל־הַמִּשְׁפָּ֛ט אֲשֶׁר־יֹֽאמְר֥וּ לְךָ֖ תַּֽעֲשֶׂ֑ה לֹ֣א תָס֗וּר מִן־הַדָּבָ֛ר אֲשֶׁר־יַגִּ֥ידֽוּ לְךָ֖ יָמִ֥ין וּשְׂמֹֽאל׃
    By chanting the phrase Al Pi HaTora using Kedma VeAzla, the emphasis is placed upon the term HaTora. This implies that it’s not so much about what is taught, although one has to accept what the authorities say, but rather the fact that whatever they say is to be considered literally the Tora’s view in this particular instance. Such an emphasis would not have been created had the notes been Mahpach Pashta Munach Zakef.
Vav.
ט כִּֽי־תִשְׁמֹר֩ אֶת־כָּל־הַמִּצְוָ֨ה הַזֹּ֜את לַֽעֲשֹׂתָ֗הּ אֲשֶׁ֨ר אָֽנֹכִ֣י מְצַוְּךָ֮ הַיּוֹם֒ לְאַֽהֲבָ֞ה אֶת־יְקוָ֧ק אֱלֹקיךָ וְלָלֶ֥כֶת בִּדְרָכָ֖יו כָּל־הַיָּמִ֑ים וְיָֽסַפְתָּ֨ לְךָ֥ עוֹד֙ שָׁלֹ֣שׁ עָרִ֔ים עַ֖ל הַשָּׁלֹ֥שׁ הָאֵֽלֶּה׃
    Just as the word Od is chanted with a Pashta introducing Shelosh Arim chanted with Zakef Katan, it is logical that VeYasafta is also a Pashta similarly introducing the same Shelosh Arim, since it is the three cities that are being added.

Tuesday, August 23, 2011

Re'eh answers


Re’eh 5730
Alef.
    1. R. Yitzchak Arama notices the juxtaposition of Ma’aser Sheini with Shemitat Kesafim and seeks to account for it.1 In both cases, the commentator claims that human nature would not feel positively disposed to fulfilling these demands, i.e., to tithe one’s food in order to specifically bring it to Yerushalayim for consumption, to transfer the holiness of the food onto money in order to save it until one has the opportunity to go to Yerushalayim and purchase food there, or to release someone who borrowed money from his obligation to repay. If anything, Shemitat Kesafim is even more challenging and therefore the sequence could be understood as ascending in order of difficulty.
דברים פרק יד   מעשר שני
Your browser may not support display of this image. Your browser may not support display of this image.   ס כב) עַשֵּׂר תְּעַשֵּׂר אֵת כָּל תְּבוּאַת זַרְעֶךָ הַיֹּצֵא הַשָּׂדֶה שָׁנָה שָׁנָה:
(כג) וְאָכַלְתָּ לִפְנֵי יְקֹוָק אֱלֹקיךָ בַּמָּקוֹם אֲשֶׁר יִבְחַר לְשַׁכֵּן שְׁמוֹ שָׁם מַעְשַׂר דְּגָנְךָ תִּירֹשְׁךָ וְיִצְהָרֶךָ וּבְכֹרֹת בְּקָרְךָ וְצֹאנֶךָ לְמַעַן תִּלְמַד לְיִרְאָה אֶת יְקֹוָק אֱלֹקיךָ כָּל הַיָּמִים:
(כד) וְכִי יִרְבֶּה מִמְּךָ הַדֶּרֶךְ כִּי לֹא תוּכַל שְׂאֵתוֹ כִּי יִרְחַק מִמְּךָ הַמָּקוֹם אֲשֶׁר יִבְחַר יְקֹוָק אֱלֹקיךָ לָשׂוּם שְׁמוֹ שָׁם כִּי יְבָרֶכְךָ יְקֹוָק אֱלֹקיךָ:
(כה) וְנָתַתָּה בַּכָּסֶף וְצַרְתָּ הַכֶּסֶף בְּיָדְךָ וְהָלַכְתָּ אֶל הַמָּקוֹם אֲשֶׁר יִבְחַר יְקֹוָק אֱלֹקיךָ בּוֹ:
(כו) וְנָתַתָּה הַכֶּסֶף בְּכֹל אֲשֶׁר תְּאַוֶּה נַפְשְׁךָ בַּבָּקָר וּבַצֹּאן וּבַיַּיִן וּבַשֵּׁכָר וּבְכֹל אֲשֶׁר תִּשְׁאָלְךָ נַפְשֶׁךָ וְאָכַלְתָּ שָּׁם לִפְנֵי יְקֹוָק אֱלֹקיךָ וְשָׂמַחְתָּ אַתָּה וּבֵיתֶךָ:
Your browser may not support display of this image. (כז) וְהַלֵּוִי אֲשֶׁר בִּשְׁעָרֶיךָ לֹא תַעַזְבֶנּוּ כִּי אֵין לוֹ חֵלֶק וְנַחֲלָה עִמָּךְ: ס
Your browser may not support display of this image. Your browser may not support display of this image. (כח) מִקְצֵה שָׁלֹשׁ שָׁנִים תּוֹצִיא אֶת כָּל מַעְשַׂר תְּבוּאָתְךָ בַּשָּׁנָה הַהִוא וְהִנַּחְתָּ בִּשְׁעָרֶיךָ:
Your browser may not support display of this image. (כט) וּבָא הַלֵּוִי כִּי אֵין לוֹ חֵלֶק וְנַחֲלָה עִמָּךְ וְהַגֵּר וְהַיָּתוֹם וְהָאַלְמָנָה אֲשֶׁר בִּשְׁעָרֶיךָ וְאָכְלוּ וְשָׂבֵעוּ לְמַעַן יְבָרֶכְךָ יְקֹוָק אֱלֹקיךָ בְּכָל מַעֲשֵׂה יָדְךָ אֲשֶׁר תַּעֲשֶׂה: ס (סוף פ' יד ולכן מעשר שני "סמוך" לשמיטת כספים)
דברים פרק טו שמיטת כספים
Your browser may not support display of this image. Your browser may not support display of this image. (א) מִקֵּץ שֶׁבַע שָׁנִים תַּעֲשֶׂה שְׁמִטָּה:
(ב) וְזֶה דְּבַר הַשְּׁמִטָּה שָׁמוֹט כָּל בַּעַל מַשֵּׁה יָדוֹ אֲשֶׁר יַשֶּׁה בְּרֵעֵהוּ לֹא יִגֹּשׂ אֶת רֵעֵהוּ וְאֶת אָחִיו כִּי קָרָא שְׁמִטָּה לַיקֹוָק:
(ג) אֶת הַנָּכְרִי תִּגֹּשׂ וַאֲשֶׁר יִהְיֶה לְךָ אֶת אָחִיךָ תַּשְׁמֵט יָדֶךָ:
(ד) אֶפֶס כִּי לֹא יִהְיֶה בְּךָ אֶבְיוֹן כִּי בָרֵךְ יְבָרֶכְךָ יְקֹוָק בָּאָרֶץ אֲשֶׁר יְקֹוָק אֱלֹקיךָ נֹתֵן לְךָ נַחֲלָה לְרִשְׁתָּהּ:
(ה) רַק אִם שָׁמוֹעַ תִּשְׁמַע בְּקוֹל יְקֹוָק אֱלֹקיךָ לִשְׁמֹר לַעֲשׂוֹת אֶת כָּל הַמִּצְוָה הַזֹּאת אֲשֶׁר אָנֹכִי מְצַוְּךָ הַיּוֹם:
(ו) כִּי יְקֹוָק אֱלֹקיךָ בֵּרַכְךָ כַּאֲשֶׁר דִּבֶּר לָךְ וְהַעֲבַטְתָּ גּוֹיִם רַבִּים וְאַתָּה לֹא תַעֲבֹט וּמָשַׁלְתָּ בְּגוֹיִם רַבִּים וּבְךָ לֹא יִמְשֹׁלוּ: ס
Your browser may not support display of this image. (ז) כִּי יִהְיֶה בְךָ אֶבְיוֹן מֵאַחַד אַחֶיךָ בְּאַחַד שְׁעָרֶיךָ בְּאַרְצְךָ אֲשֶׁר יְקֹוָק אֱלֹקיךָ נֹתֵן לָךְ לֹא תְאַמֵּץ אֶת לְבָבְךָ וְלֹא תִקְפֹּץ אֶת יָדְךָ מֵאָחִיךָ הָאֶבְיוֹן:
(ח) כִּי פָתֹחַ תִּפְתַּח אֶת יָדְךָ לוֹ וְהַעֲבֵט תַּעֲבִיטֶנּוּ דֵּי מַחְסֹרוֹ אֲשֶׁר יֶחְסַר לוֹ:
(ט) הִשָּׁמֶר לְךָ פֶּן יִהְיֶה דָבָר עִם לְבָבְךָ בְלִיַּעַל לֵאמֹר קָרְבָה שְׁנַת הַשֶּׁבַע שְׁנַת הַשְּׁמִטָּה וְרָעָה עֵינְךָ בְּאָחִיךָ הָאֶבְיוֹן וְלֹא תִתֵּן לוֹ וְקָרָא עָלֶיךָ אֶל יְקֹוָק וְהָיָה בְךָ חֵטְא:
(י) נָתוֹן תִּתֵּן לוֹ וְלֹא יֵרַע לְבָבְךָ בְּתִתְּךָ לוֹ כִּי בִּגְלַל הַדָּבָר הַזֶּה יְבָרֶכְךָ יְקֹוָק אֱלֹקיךָ בְּכָל מַעֲשֶׂךָ וּבְכֹל מִשְׁלַח יָדֶךָ:
Your browser may not support display of this image. (יא) כִּי לֹא יֶחְדַּל אֶבְיוֹן מִקֶּרֶב הָאָרֶץ עַל כֵּן אָנֹכִי מְצַוְּךָ לֵאמֹר פָּתֹחַ תִּפְתַּח אֶת יָדְךָ לְאָחִיךָ לַעֲנִיֶּךָ וּלְאֶבְיֹנְךָ בְּאַרְצֶךָ: ס
           14:22-27
    (22-3) The easiest aspect of the process is to tithe food and immediately go to Yerushalayim in order to consume it. While it is somewhat inconvenient, if the food last until you get to Yerushalayim, this is an indication that you live relatively close by and therefore there isn’t all that much delayed gratification involved.
    (24-7) It is more difficult to take the value of the tithe and transfer it to money so that when you eventually reach Yerushalayim—if it’s not this year, then perhaps the next or the one after that—you have to keep track of the money and then use it to buy food for yourself as well as share it with the poor.
    (28-9) Another level of personal challenge is established by the requirement that once in three years, whether you are prepared to or not, you must make the pilgrimage to Yerushalayim bringing with you all of the monies upon which you have transferred Ma’aser Sheini holiness. One cannot defer this obligation indefinitely, but at the outside extreme, can do so only until the third year, when all monies must be gathered, brought to Yerushalayim, food purchased and at least a percentage has to be distributed to the poor.
    (15:1-11)
    The progression in upwards difficulty is then culminated, at least according to R. Yitzchak Arama’s approach, by having to forgive loans made to fellow Jews. In order to assure that there would not be a permanent debtor class, debts were supposed to be forgiven once every seven years. (This parallels the restoration of lands to their original owners with the advent of the Jubilee Year.) Furthermore, the Tora specifically notes the human tendency to become increasingly reticent to give loans as the Shemitta year approaches due to the fear that it becomes more and more likely that the debt will not be repaid. The Tora warns against such thinking, but apparently the warning did not deter this from happening, necessitating Hillel’s creation of Pruzbul whereby the debts are transferred to the “corporate” Beit Din who upon the conclusion of the Shemitta year, duly returns the IOU’s to their original holders. The reality that there will always be poor among the Jewish people, demands that those with resources at the very least lend (lending is considered more dignified than giving them out-and-out gifts) to those without.
    At the end of the day, these Mitzvot are abject lessons in taking care of the poor and unfortunate, and if Akeidat Yitzchak’s premise is accepted, this Is not something that comes naturally to the average person who sees as his priority his own needs and concerns
    Beit.
    One hint to which R. D.Z. Hoffmann could point is the interaction between Malkitzedek and Avraham.
בראשית פרק יד
(יח) וּמַלְכִּי צֶדֶק מֶלֶךְ שָׁלֵם הוֹצִיא לֶחֶם וָיָיִן וְהוּא כֹהֵן לְקל עֶלְיוֹן:
(יט) וַיְבָרְכֵהוּ וַיֹּאמַר בָּרוּךְ אַבְרָם לְקל עֶלְיוֹן קֹנֵה שָׁמַיִם וָאָרֶץ:
(כ) וּבָרוּךְ קל עֶלְיוֹן אֲשֶׁר מִגֵּן צָרֶיךָ בְּיָדֶךָ וַיִּתֶּן לוֹ מַעֲשֵׂר מִכֹּל:
      And blessed be God the Most High, who hath delivered thine enemies into thy hand.' And he gave him a tenth of all.
    While it isn’t clear who gave a tenth to whom—did Malkitzedek give a tithe to Avraham or was it the reverse?—nevertheless, the principle is the same. If it is assumed that Ma’aser Sheini was at least in part intended to cause those who have to support those who have not, on the one hand Malkitzedek being a priest probably depended upon the largesse of others (as is the case of the Kohanim in the Tora who depend upon Matnot Kehuna) and therefore Avraham was supporting him. On the other hand, it was Avraham who was far from home, who very clearly indicated to the King of Sodom that he did not want any part of the spoils of war, and therefore was  in need of material support which Malkitzedek may have given to him. Another approach, if we assume that Avraham gave the tithe to Malkitzedek, is that this symbolizes Avraham’s acknowledging that HaShem was responsible for his success in battle. This then becomes a segue and parallel to the second Beraishit manifestation of Ma’aser, i.e.,
    the promise of Yaakov following his dream on the occasion of his fleeing from home due to Eisav murderous intentions and travelling to Charan in search of a wife.
בראשית פרק כח
(כב) וְהָאֶבֶן הַזֹּאת אֲשֶׁר שַׂמְתִּי מַצֵּבָה יִהְיֶה בֵּית אֱלֹקים וְכֹל אֲשֶׁר תִּתֶּן לִי עַשֵּׂר אֲעַשְּׂרֶנּוּ לָךְ:
      And this stone, which I have set up for a pillar, shall be God's house; and of all that Thou shalt give me I will surely give the tenth unto Thee.'
    Yaakov is essentially vowing to give a donation/make a sacrifice to God if he successfully navigates the considerable challenges to which  a life in exile will expose him.
Gimel.
Both RaShBaM and Sephorno agree that some aspect of the activities associated with the Tabernacle/Temple would inspire a sense of awe in God. However they disagree as to what in particular will engender such a sensibility. RaShBaM suggests that the sacrificial cult with its various roles and rituals will accomplish this end. Sephorno sees the sense of awe associated more with the activities of the Sanhedrin in terms of judging and teaching the Tora, a more intellectual and judicial appreciation than a ritualistic one.
Daled.
    Sefer HaChinuch sees the requirement of bringing Ma’aser Sheini to Yerushalayim as exposure that will influence the one who brings his tithe to stay and learn Tora or at least send one of his children to do so. This in turn will result in the presence of many scholars throughout the land of Israel (the assumption is that the students will eventually return to their home towns) and lives of Tora will become ubiquitous among the Jewish people.
    HaEmek Davar suggests that the point of this Mitzva is that once someone brings Ma’aser Sheini to Yerushalayim, he will be hard pressed to personally consume all of the produce that he has brought. This will result in his remaining beyond the Chag and thereby influenced to study Tora during the time that he is in the holy city, or to distribute the food to the scholars who live in Yerushalayim permanently, thereby vicariously being responsible for the presence of Tora in the city due to his supporting those who study.
Heh.
    As opposed to the previous views
          (Akeidat Yitzchak: train an individual to defy his instincts and support the poor.
           R. D.Z. Hoffmann: a custom of acknowledging God for the Favors that one has received.
        Sefer HaChinuch: a means by which to inspire individuals coming to Yerushalayim to committing themselves to becoming Tora scholars.
        HaEmek Davar: in order to finish all of the Ma’aser Sheini food people would have to remain in Yerushalayim to study Tora or the food would be distributed to other Tora scholars to support them in their endeavors.)
    HaAlshich suggests that bringing the food to Yerushalayim would impress upon the individual that what he was eating really belonged to God Who Does him a favor by Permitting him to consume the food. In this manner, instead of thinking that he alone was responsible for creating the food, a fallacy that appears in in Devarim 8:17, having to take the food to a place where God’s Presence is clearly in evidence would lead him to adopt a different attitude, one that would entail the awe of the Divine.
Vav.
    1. The two reasons that the text gives for why it is necessary to redeem the food rather than bring it to Yerushalayim seem to not be complementary but rather independent of one another. Being too far away is not a function of the quantity and weight of the food; being unable to carry the food is not a function of being too far away. These are independent variables.
    2.  It would appear that “כי” is being used in this context in accordance with meaning #1, “if” since it is not inevitable but merely possible that a person find himself in such a situation. There is nothing to regret as in meaning #2; the verse is not coming to contradict something that had been previously stated as in meaning #3; and it is not providing a piece of crucial information for the topic as a whole as in #4.
רש"י בראשית פרק יח פסוק טו
(טו) כי יראה וגו' כי צחקת - הראשון משמש לשון דהא שנותן טעם לדבר ותכחש שרה לפי שיראה, והשני משמש בלשון אלא, ויאמר לא כדבריך הוא אלא צחקת,שאמרו רבותינו כי משמש בארבע לשונות 1) אי, 2) דילמא, 3) אלא, 4) דהא:
Zayin.
    1. It would appear that with respect to the two cases in Shemot, although they are examples of Hekeish (when two different elements are discussed in a single verse), RashI does not feel the need to account for a connection between them. They are merely two Halachot that have to do with restrictions on certain types of food. However in Devarim, where the principle of Semichut HaParashiot is taken seriously by everyone (see fn. 1 above), RaShI cites the Midrash. Once he establishes that there is in fact a connection between Ma’aser and Lo Tevashel Gedi, he projects a similar connection between Bikurim and Lo Tevashel Gedi, i.e., that if the Halacha of Basar BeChalav is not followed, HaShem will Cause the Bikurim to be destroyed, just as He will Destroy the crops from which Ma’aser should be separated. Another difference is that in Shemot, there is essentially an undetailed listing of Halachot in contrast to Devarim which cites many details, if not for Basar BeChalav, then at least for Ma’aser. Consequently there is greater interest in providing a rationale for the juxtaposition of topics.
דברים פרק יד
(כא) לֹא תֹאכְלוּ כָל נְבֵלָה לַגֵּר אֲשֶׁר בִּשְׁעָרֶיךָ תִּתְּנֶנָּה וַאֲכָלָהּ אוֹ מָכֹר לְנָכְרִי כִּי עַם קָדוֹשׁ אַתָּה לַיקֹוָק אֱלֹקיךָ לֹא תְבַשֵּׁל גְּדִי בַּחֲלֵב אִמּוֹ: פ
(כב) עַשֵּׂר תְּעַשֵּׂר אֵת כָּל תְּבוּאַת זַרְעֶךָ הַיֹּצֵא הַשָּׂדֶה שָׁנָה שָׁנָה:
(כג) וְאָכַלְתָּ לִפְנֵי יְקֹוָק אֱלֹקיךָ בַּמָּקוֹם אֲשֶׁר יִבְחַר לְשַׁכֵּן שְׁמוֹ שָׁם מַעְשַׂר דְּגָנְךָ תִּירֹשְׁךָ וְיִצְהָרֶךָ וּבְכֹרֹת בְּקָרְךָ וְצֹאנֶךָ לְמַעַן תִּלְמַד לְיִרְאָה אֶת יְקֹוָק אֱלֹקיךָ כָּל הַיָּמִים: 
שמות פרק כג
(יט) רֵאשִׁית בִּכּוּרֵי אַדְמָתְךָ תָּבִיא בֵּית יְקֹוָק אֱלֹקיךָ לֹא תְבַשֵּׁל גְּדִי בַּחֲלֵב אִמּוֹ: ס
רש"י שמות פרק כג
(יט) ראשית בכורי אדמתך - אף השביעית חייבת בבכורים, לכך נאמר אף כאן בכורי אדמתך. כיצד, אדם נכנס לתוך שדהו, ורואה תאנה שבכרה, כורך עליה גמי לסימן ומקדישה. ואין בכורים אלא משבעת המינין האמורין במקרא (דברים ח ח) ארץ חטה ושעורה וגו':
לא תבשל גדי - אף עגל וכבש בכלל גדי, שאין גדי אלא לשון ולד רך, ממה שאתה מוצא בכמה מקומות בתורה שכתוב גדי, והוצרך לפרש אחריו עזים, כגון (בראשית לח יז) אנכי אשלח גדי עזים, (שם שם כ) את גדי העזים, (שם כז ט) שני גדיי עזים, ללמדך, שכל מקום שנאמר גדי סתם, אף עגל וכבש במשמע. ובשלושה מקומות נכתב בתורה אחד לאיסור אכילה, ואחד לאיסור הנאה, ואחד לאיסור בישול: 
שמות פרק לד
(כו) רֵאשִׁית בִּכּוּרֵי אַדְמָתְךָ תָּבִיא בֵּית יְקֹוָק אֱלֹקיךָ לֹא תְבַשֵּׁל גְּדִי בַּחֲלֵב אִמּוֹ: פ
רש"י שמות פרק לד
(כו) ראשית בכורי אדמתך - משבעת המינין האמורים בשבח ארצך (דברים ח ח) ארץ חטה ושעורה וגפן ותאנה ורמון, ארץ זית שמן ודבש, הוא דבש תמרים:
לא תבשל גדי - אזהרה לבשר בחלב, ושלוש פעמים כתוב בתורה אחד לאכילה, ואחד להנאה, ואחד לאיסור בישול:
גדי - כל ולד רך במשמע ואף עגל וכבש. ממה שהוצרך לפרש בכמה מקומות (בראשית לח יז) גדי עזים, למדת שגדי סתם כל יונקים במשמע:
בחלב אמו - פרט לעוף שאין לו חלב אם, שאין איסורו מן התורה אלא מדברי סופרים:
    2. א) If HaShem is Blessing you, why should you have trouble fulfilling the Mitzva of Ma’aser Sheini? Wouldn’t a true blessing entail being able to do Mitzvot?
         ב) Despite the fact that there is a possibility sometime in the future for the land of Israel to be expanded Halachically provided that the Jews fulfill the Divine Commandments—see Devarim 12:20—the Mitzva of Ma’aser Sheini appears to apply even before that point is reached. Furthermore, some perishable foods will not stay fresh should they have to be brought to Yerushalayim, even within the original borders of the land of Israel. Consequently, RaShI interprets the phrase in light of the common case rather than the exceptional one.

Wednesday, August 17, 2011

ekev answers


Eikev 5724
Alef.
    1. The common denominator in all three passages is that when the Jews find themselves in good circumstances, they will neglect to recall HaShem’s Role in positioning them to benefit from so much.
    2.
דברים פרק ו
(י) וְהָיָה כִּי יְבִיאֲךָ יְקֹוָק אֱלֹקיךָ אֶל הָאָרֶץ אֲשֶׁר נִשְׁבַּע לַאֲבֹתֶיךָ לְאַבְרָהָם לְיִצְחָק וּלְיַעֲקֹב לָתֶת לָךְ עָרִים גְּדֹלֹת וְטֹבֹת אֲשֶׁר לֹא בָנִיתָ:
(יא) וּבָתִּים מְלֵאִים כָּל טוּב אֲשֶׁר לֹא מִלֵּאתָ וּבֹרֹת חֲצוּבִים אֲשֶׁר לֹא חָצַבְתָּ כְּרָמִים וְזֵיתִים אֲשֶׁר לֹא נָטָעְתָּ וְאָכַלְתָּ וְשָׂבָעְתָּ: התנאי
(יב) תשובת התנאי הִשָּׁמֶר לְךָ פֶּן תִּשְׁכַּח אֶת יְקֹוָק אֲשֶׁר הוֹצִיאֲךָ מֵאֶרֶץ מִצְרַיִם מִבֵּית עֲבָדִים:
דברים פרק ח
Your browser may not support display of this image. Your browser may not support display of this image. Your browser may not support display of this image. (ו) וְשָׁמַרְתָּ אֶת מִצְוֹת יְקֹוָק אֱלֹקיךָ לָלֶכֶת בִּדְרָכָיו וּלְיִרְאָה אֹתוֹ:
(ז) כִּי יְקֹוָק אֱלֹקיךָ מְבִיאֲךָ אֶל אֶרֶץ טוֹבָה אֶרֶץ נַחֲלֵי מָיִם עֲיָנֹת וּתְהֹמֹת יֹצְאִים בַּבִּקְעָה וּבָהָר:
(ח) אֶרֶץ חִטָּה וּשְׂעֹרָה וְגֶפֶן וּתְאֵנָה וְרִמּוֹן אֶרֶץ זֵית שֶׁמֶן וּדְבָשׁ:
(ט) אֶרֶץ אֲשֶׁר לֹא בְמִסְכֵּנֻת תֹּאכַל בָּהּ לֶחֶם לֹא תֶחְסַר כֹּל בָּהּ אֶרֶץ אֲשֶׁר אֲבָנֶיהָ בַרְזֶל וּמֵהֲרָרֶיהָ תַּחְצֹב נְחֹשֶׁת:
Your browser may not support display of this image. (י) תשובת התנאי וְאָכַלְתָּ וְשָׂבָעְתָּ וּבֵרַכְתָּ אֶת יְקֹוָק אֱלֹקיךָ עַל הָאָרֶץ הַטֹּבָה אֲשֶׁר נָתַן לָךְ:
Your browser may not support display of this image. Your browser may not support display of this image. (יא) הִשָּׁמֶר לְךָ פֶּן תִּשְׁכַּח אֶת יְקֹוָק אֱלֹקיךָ לְבִלְתִּי שְׁמֹר מִצְוֹתָיו וּמִשְׁפָּטָיו וְחֻקֹּתָיו אֲשֶׁר אָנֹכִי מְצַוְּךָ הַיּוֹם: התנאי
שם
(יב) התנאי פֶּן תֹּאכַל וְשָׂבָעְתָּ וּבָתִּים טֹבִים תִּבְנֶה וְיָשָׁבְתָּ:
(יג) וּבְקָרְךָ וְצֹאנְךָ יִרְבְּיֻן וְכֶסֶף וְזָהָב יִרְבֶּה לָּךְ וְכֹל אֲשֶׁר לְךָ יִרְבֶּה:
(יד) וְרָם לְבָבֶךָ וְשָׁכַחְתָּ אֶת יְקֹוָק אֱלֹהֶיךָ הַמּוֹצִיאֲךָ מֵאֶרֶץ מִצְרַיִם מִבֵּית עֲבָדִים:
(טו) הַמּוֹלִיכֲךָ בַּמִּדְבָּר הַגָּדֹל וְהַנּוֹרָא נָחָשׁ שָׂרָף וְעַקְרָב וְצִמָּאוֹן אֲשֶׁר אֵין מָיִם הַמּוֹצִיא לְךָ מַיִם מִצּוּר הַחַלָּמִישׁ:
(טז) הַמַּאֲכִלְךָ מָן בַּמִּדְבָּר אֲשֶׁר לֹא יָדְעוּן אֲבֹתֶיךָ לְמַעַן עַנֹּתְךָ וּלְמַעַן נַסֹּתֶךָ לְהֵיטִבְךָ בְּאַחֲרִיתֶךָ:
(יז) וְאָמַרְתָּ בִּלְבָבֶךָ כֹּחִי וְעֹצֶם יָדִי עָשָׂה לִי אֶת הַחַיִל הַזֶּה:
(יח) תשובת התנאי וְזָכַרְתָּ אֶת יְקֹוָק אֱלֹקיךָ כִּי הוּא הַנֹּתֵן לְךָ כֹּחַ לַעֲשׂוֹת חָיִל לְמַעַן הָקִים אֶת בְּרִיתוֹ אֲשֶׁר נִשְׁבַּע לַאֲבֹתֶיךָ כַּיּוֹם הַזֶּה: פ
3. Devarim 6:10-12
    Cities that you have not built; full houses that you have not filled; irrigation ditches that you have not dug; vineyards and orchards that you have not planted.
Ibid. 8:7-11
    A land of water features; a land with abundant grains and fruits; a land that is fertile and provides sufficient food for its inhabitants; a land from which iron and copper can be mined.
Ibid. 12-18
    You will eat to satiation; build fine houses in which you will dwell; have abundant herds; possess great wealth; have everything in abundance.
4. Devarim 6:10-12
    Not appreciating what led up to all of the benefits that the Jewish people experienced as soon as they reached the land of Israel.
          Ibid. 8:7-11
    Not appreciating the tremendous kindness God has Done the Jewish people by Providing them with a land so richly endowed with natural resources.
                   Ibid. 12-18
    Once you have become successful through your own efforts, you will take complete credit for your achievements rather than appreciating God’s Role in allowing you to achieve so well.
5. The three sections reflect a chronological progression:
Devarim 6:10-12
    The Jews first arrive in the land of Israel to find ready-made food and infrastructure.
Ibid. 8:7-11
    Once they are in the land, they come to recognize all of the land’s natural resources as they explore their new homeland.
Ibid. 12-18
    They are in the land for a while and have achieved by means of their own efforts great success.
6. In 8:7-11, the people have just arrived in the land, and the qualities of the land would be fresh in the people’s minds, allowing God to Take credit for having Brought them to such a wonderful place. In v. 12-8, the people have already been in the land for some time, and therefore the qualities of the land have paled in comparison with how individual people have managed to utilize these resources for their own advancement. Since they might be blinded by their achievements vis-à-vis the land’s qualities, emphasis is placed upon the role of HaShem in Bringing them to a land wherein they could be so successful. 
7.  The verses in Devarim 32 appear to invoke the land’s natural resources rather than things that were found there made by its previous inhabitants, or things that the people eventually accomplished on their own.
דברים פרק לב
(יג) יַרְכִּבֵהוּ עַל בָּמֳתֵי אָרֶץ וַיֹּאכַל תְּנוּבֹת שָׂדָי וַיֵּנִקֵהוּ דְבַשׁ מִסֶּלַע וְשֶׁמֶן מֵחַלְמִישׁ צוּר:
(יד) חֶמְאַת בָּקָר וַחֲלֵב צֹאן עִם חֵלֶב כָּרִים וְאֵילִים בְּנֵי בָשָׁן וְעַתּוּדִים עִם חֵלֶב כִּלְיוֹת חִטָּה וְדַם עֵנָב תִּשְׁתֶּה חָמֶר:
He made him ride on the high places of the earth, and he did eat the fruitage of the field; and He made him to suck honey out of the crag, and oil out of the flinty rock; Curd of kine, and milk of sheep, with fat of lambs, and rams of the breed of Bashanand he-goats, with the kidney-fat of wheat; and of the blood of the grape thou drankest foaming wine
(טו) וַיִּשְׁמַן יְשֻׁרוּן וַיִּבְעָט שָׁמַנְתָּ עָבִיתָ כָּשִׂיתָ וַיִּטֹּשׁ אֱלוֹק עָשָׂהוּ וַיְנַבֵּל צוּר יְשֻׁעָתוֹ:
(טז) יַקְנִאֻהוּ בְּזָרִים בְּתוֹעֵבֹת יַכְעִיסֻהוּ:
(יז) יִזְבְּחוּ לַשֵּׁדִים לֹא אֱלֹהַּ אֱלֹהִים לֹא יְדָעוּם חֲדָשִׁים מִקָּרֹב בָּאוּ לֹא שְׂעָרוּם אֲבֹתֵיכֶם:
(יח) צוּר יְלָדְךָ תֶּשִׁי וַתִּשְׁכַּח אֵל מְחֹלְלֶךָ:
Beit.
    In Shemot 1:11, when the storage cities that the Jews were forced to construct for the Egyptians are mentioned, the same terminology is invoked:
שמות פרק א
(יא) וַיָּשִׂימוּ עָלָיו שָׂרֵי מִסִּים לְמַעַן עַנֹּתוֹ בְּסִבְלֹתָם וַיִּבֶן עָרֵי מִסְכְּנוֹת לְפַרְעֹה אֶת פִּתֹם וְאֶת רַעַמְסֵס:
    Consequently, in Egypt, in order to be provided with food the slaves had to work in dangerous conditions. This will not be the case in the land of Israel, another dimension of the sentiment expressed in Devarim:
דברים פרק יא
(י) כִּי הָאָרֶץ אֲשֶׁר אַתָּה בָא שָׁמָּה לְרִשְׁתָּהּ לֹא כְאֶרֶץ מִצְרַיִם הִוא אֲשֶׁר יְצָאתֶם מִשָּׁם אֲשֶׁר תִּזְרַע אֶת זַרְעֲךָ וְהִשְׁקִיתָ בְרַגְלְךָ כְּגַן הַיָּרָק:
Gimel.
    1. The phrase, “נחש, שרף ועקרב” comprised of nouns, seems to be used as an adjectival phrase in Devarim 8:15, but the noun that is being modified by them in a prepositional phrase is unidentified
    2. Ibn Ezra understands the word “מדבר” to be the object of description not only of the adjectives “גדול ונורא”, but also of נחש, שרף ועקרב"”, i.e., a desert that contains “snakes, fiery snakes and soorpions”. The Beiur does not attach the three nouns to “desert” but rather to an understood phrase referring simply to a “place” containing these animal forms.
    Daled.
    1.  Usually memories are catalyzed by some reminder or association that parallels or is similar to that which is ultimately remembered. However, in this case, the memory appears to be the opposite of what the previous thought is described to be, i.e., in Devarim 8:17-8—“And thou say in thy heart: 'My power and the might of my hand hath gotten me this wealth.' But thou shalt remember the LORD thy God, for it is He that Giveth thee power to get wealth, that He may Establish His Covenant which He Swore unto thy fathers, as it is this day.” Why would thinking that one has accomplished everything by his own devices inspire the thought that it is actually HaShem Who is Responsible for the individual’s success?
    2.  In the second paragraph of Shema, Devarim 11:16-8, one encounters a sudden shift of this nature as well:  “Take heed to yourselves, lest your heart be deceived, and ye turn aside, and serve other gods, and worship them; and the anger of the LORD be kindled against you, and He shut up the heaven, so that there shall be no rain, and the ground shall not yield her fruit; and ye perish quickly from off the good land which the LORD giveth you. Therefore shall ye lay up these My words in your heart and in your soul; and ye shall bind them for a sign upon your hand, and they shall be for frontlets between your eyes.” If people are already “off the Derech”, why would they suddenly return? But rather the Tora in both places are discussing what one should do before the fact, to avoid making such mistakes, or even after the fact, if one is disillusioned by the path upon which he has embarked, to consciously and pro-actively seek to go in a different direction.
    Heh.
דברים פרק ח
ב) וְזָכַרְתָּ אֶת כָּל הַדֶּרֶךְ אֲשֶׁר הוֹלִיכֲךָ יְקֹוָק אֱלֹקיךָ זֶה אַרְבָּעִים שָׁנָה בַּמִּדְבָּר לְמַעַן עַנֹּתְךָ לְנַסֹּתְךָ לָדַעַת אֶת אֲשֶׁר בִּלְבָבְךָ הֲתִשְׁמֹר מִצְוֹתָיו אִם לֹא:
(ג) וַיְעַנְּךָ וַיַּרְעִבֶךָ וַיַּאֲכִלְךָ אֶת הַמָּן אֲשֶׁר לֹא יָדַעְתָּ וְלֹא יָדְעוּן אֲבֹתֶיךָ לְמַעַן הוֹדִיעֲךָ כִּי לֹא עַל הַלֶּחֶם לְבַדּוֹ יִחְיֶה הָאָדָם כִּי עַל כָּל מוֹצָא פִי יְקֹוָק יִחְיֶה הָאָדָם:
(ד) שִׂמְלָתְךָ לֹא בָלְתָה מֵעָלֶיךָ וְרַגְלְךָ לֹא בָצֵקָה זֶה אַרְבָּעִים שָׁנָה:
(ה) וְיָדַעְתָּ עִם לְבָבֶךָ כִּי כַּאֲשֶׁר יְיַסֵּר אִישׁ אֶת בְּנוֹ יְקֹוָק אֱלֹקיךָ מְיַסְּרֶךָּ:
(ו) וְשָׁמַרְתָּ אֶת מִצְוֹת יְקֹוָק אֱלֹקיךָ לָלֶכֶת בִּדְרָכָיו וּלְיִרְאָה אֹתוֹ:
(ז) כִּי יְקֹוָק אֱלֹקיךָ מְבִיאֲךָ אֶל אֶרֶץ טוֹבָה אֶרֶץ נַחֲלֵי מָיִם עֲיָנֹת וּתְהֹמֹת יֹצְאִים בַּבִּקְעָה וּבָהָר:
(ח) אֶרֶץ חִטָּה וּשְׂעֹרָה וְגֶפֶן וּתְאֵנָה וְרִמּוֹן אֶרֶץ זֵית שֶׁמֶן וּדְבָשׁ:
(ט) אֶרֶץ אֲשֶׁר לֹא בְמִסְכֵּנֻת תֹּאכַל בָּהּ לֶחֶם לֹא תֶחְסַר כֹּל בָּהּ אֶרֶץ אֲשֶׁר אֲבָנֶיהָ בַרְזֶל וּמֵהֲרָרֶיהָ תַּחְצֹב נְחֹשֶׁת:
(י) וְאָכַלְתָּ וְשָׂבָעְתָּ וּבֵרַכְתָּ אֶת יְקֹוָק אֱלֹקיךָ עַל הָאָרֶץ הַטֹּבָה אֲשֶׁר נָתַן לָךְ:
(יא) הִשָּׁמֶר לְךָ פֶּן תִּשְׁכַּח אֶת יְקֹוָק אֱלֹקיךָ לְבִלְתִּי שְׁמֹר מִצְוֹתָיו וּמִשְׁפָּטָיו וְחֻקֹּתָיו אֲשֶׁר אָנֹכִי מְצַוְּךָ הַיּוֹם:
(יב) פֶּן תֹּאכַל וְשָׂבָעְתָּ וּבָתִּים טֹבִים תִּבְנֶה וְיָשָׁבְתָּ:
(יג) וּבְקָרְךָ וְצֹאנְךָ יִרְבְּיֻן וְכֶסֶף וְזָהָב יִרְבֶּה לָּךְ וְכֹל אֲשֶׁר לְךָ יִרְבֶּה:
(יד) וְרָם לְבָבֶךָ וְשָׁכַחְתָּ אֶת יְקֹוָק אֱלֹקיךָ הַמּוֹצִיאֲךָ מֵאֶרֶץ מִצְרַיִם מִבֵּית עֲבָדִים:
(טו) הַמּוֹלִיכֲךָ בַּמִּדְבָּר הַגָּדֹל וְהַנּוֹרָא נָחָשׁ שָׂרָף וְעַקְרָב וְצִמָּאוֹן אֲשֶׁר אֵין מָיִם הַמּוֹצִיא לְךָ מַיִם מִצּוּר הַחַלָּמִישׁ:
(טז) הַמַּאֲכִלְךָ מָן בַּמִּדְבָּר אֲשֶׁר לֹא יָדְעוּן אֲבֹתֶיךָ לְמַעַן עַנֹּתְךָ וּלְמַעַן נַסֹּתֶךָ לְהֵיטִבְךָ בְּאַחֲרִיתֶךָ:
(יז) וְאָמַרְתָּ בִּלְבָבֶךָ כֹּחִי וְעֹצֶם יָדִי עָשָׂה לִי אֶת הַחַיִל הַזֶּה:     
     Devarim 8:2 deals with the desert not only as a qualitative entity, but also as one where the people have been sentenced to wander for forty years as a result of the sin of the spies. The reference in 8:16 is to only the fact that they had to go into the desert to demonstrate their loyalty to God, but not as a punishment for some previous wrongdoing that would result in affliction for its own sake as a manifestation of atonement. Of the three examples of Divine Tests in the Midrash, the first two contain the additional factor of not only testing only those that are up to the task, but also who will improve over the course of the test, in contrast to the second example, where all that is important is which animal will be able to withstand the burden with which he is tasked. The forty year sentence was in the interests of improving the Jewish people to allow them to overcome their shortcomings, whereas the idea of simply going into the desert in the first place, prior to the decree of forty years, addresses who will be tested, but not necessarily improved as a result.

Monday, August 8, 2011

parshat veetchanan answers


VaEtchanan 5716
Alef.
רשב"ם דברים פרק ו
(ה) ובכל נפשך - לפי פשוטו אפילו נוטלין את נפשך, שהרי כבר אמר בכל לבבך:
    The difference appears to lie in what is immediately causing you to lose your life, i.e., the individual who is attempting to get you to compromise your religious principles, vs. the basis for why you are resisting and not giving in to the pressure, HaShem, Whom you love and therefore do not wish to transgress His Commandments. RaShI by using the third person singular, is focusing on HaShem, rather than the individual who is forcing you to sin.
    Beit.
    1. If the individual in question is non-materialistic, then his willingness to sacrifice his possessions is no particular sign of love of God on his part. Consequently, since the manifestation of love for God is very individualistic and can vary from person to person in terms of their priorities, RaShI adds in connection to “בכל מאדך” that this applies only to a certain type of person.
      2.  א) When a single commentator, in this case RaShI, give multiple interpretations for the same textual curiosity, it is an indication that there are weaknesses with each one (otherwise, he would offer only a single explanation indicating his singular preference).
       The weakness with the first answer is perhaps based upon when there is a series, in this case three words describing how one should love God,"לבבך" "נפשך" "מאדך", one could think that they are either in ascending or descending order. But then one is faced with the quandary of how they are to compare with one another. If מאדך is the least significant, then is לבבך more important than נפשך? And if one assumes that נפשך is more important than לבבך, one is forced to conclude that מאדך is the highest manifestation of love? But if מאדך means something entirely different, i.e., this is not a matter of how one loves God, but rather when one is called upon to love God, I no longer have to see ascension or descension with regard to the first two elements that were mentioned.
       The weakness with the second explanation is that מאדך does not even remotely seem to be linked etymologically to the word מדה and therefore the interpretation is clearly more a matter of דרש than פשט, an approach that Nechama feels RaShI pursues when the דרש sheds light on פשט which does not appear to be the case in this instance.
      ב)  The idea underlying "בכל נפשך appears to be the literal manner in which you must love God, i.e., even if it requires the sacrifice of your life. The second interpretation of RaShI is focusing upon the emotion of love—under what circumstances are you required to feel love for God? In every circumstance, even when it appears that God is not treating you in a comparable manner. One must love God not only because things are good, but in spite of things being bad.
      ג
תהלים פרק קטז
(יג) כּוֹס יְשׁוּעוֹת אֶשָּׂא וּבְשֵׁם יְקֹוָק אֶקְרָא:
          I will lift up the cup of salvation, and call upon the name of the LORD.
תהלים פרק קטז
(ג) אֲפָפוּנִי חֶבְלֵי מָוֶת וּמְצָרֵי שְׁאוֹל מְצָאוּנִי צָרָה וְיָגוֹן אֶמְצָא:
      The cords of death compassed me, and the straits of the nether-world got hold upon me; I found trouble and sorrow.
      RaShI uses the combination of these two verses to derive the idea, that despite the fact that the Psalmist states earlier (v. 3) that he has been beset with trouble and sorrow, nevertheless (v. 16) he will acknowledge how God is the Source of his Salvation. (The normal tendency would be to do so only when things were going extremely well.)
      Gimel.
    1.  The difference between the Sifrei and RaShI on the one hand and RaMBaM on the other is the manner in which one can achieve love of God. It is always problematic to Command someone to feel a certain way. Consequently, there per force have to be strategies by which to achieve the desired emotional stance. Sifrei and RaShI suggest that Tora study is the manner by which one can come to love God. RaMBaM recommends the contemplation of God’s Creation, the natural world, as the portal to such a sensibility. Perhaps RaMBaM understands the verses in Devarim 6 as Commanding two separate Commandments, i.e., loving God and studying/teaching Tora, rather than assuming that the latter is the means for achieving the former.
       (It is notable that RaMBaM in his Sefer HaMitzvot appears to mention extremely briefly both strategies:
ספר המצוות לרמב"ם מצות עשה ג
והמצוה השלישית היא שצונו לאהבו יתעלה וזה שנתבונן ונשכיל 1) מצותיו 2) ופעולותיו עד שנשיגהו ונתענג בהשגתו תכלית התענוג וזאת היא האהבה המחוייבת. ולשון סיפרי (פ' שמע) לפי שנאמר ואהבת את ה' אלקיך איני יודע כיצד אוהב את המקום תלמוד לומר והיו הדברים האלה אשר אנכי מצוך היום על לבבך שמתוך כך אתה מכיר את מי שאמר והיה העולם. הנה כבר בארו לך כי בהשתכלות תתאמת לך ההשגה ויגיע התענוג ותבא האהבה בהכרח. וכבר אמרו שמצוה זו כוללת גם כן שנדרוש ונקרא האנשים כולם לעבודתו יתעלה ולהאמין בו. וזה כי כשתאהב אדם תשים לבך עליו ותשבחהו ותבקש האנשים לאהוב אותו. וזה על צד המשל כן כשתאהב האל באמת כמה שהגיעה לך מהשגת אמיתתו הנה אתה בלא ספק תדרוש ותקרא הכופרים והסכלים לידיעת האמת אשר ידעת אותה. ולשון סיפרי (שם) ואהבת את ה' וכו' אהבהו על הבריות כאברהם אביך שנאמר ואת הנפש אשר עשו בחרן. ר"ל כמו שאברהם בעבור שהיה אוהב השם כמו שהעיד הכתוב (ישעי' מא) אברהם אוהבי שהיה גם כן לגודל השגתו דרש האנשים אל האמונה מחוזק אהבתו כן אתה אהוב אותו עד שתדרוש האנשים אליו:)
    2.  RaShI understands v. 6 as explaining how to come to fulfill v. 5.  How does one come to love God? By studying Tora.
         RaMBaM sees them as separate Commandments, with Love of God as a “Meta-Mitzva”  that provides a framework for so many other Mitzvot, i.e., You should study Tora. Why? Because it is a manifestation of your love for God.  

Wednesday, August 3, 2011

Dvarim Answers


Devarim 5730
Alef.
    1.
    דברים פרק ב
    (כו) וָאֶשְׁלַח מַלְאָכִים מִמִּדְבַּר קְדֵמוֹת אֶל סִיחוֹן מֶלֶךְ חֶשְׁבּוֹן דִּבְרֵי שָׁלוֹם לֵאמֹר:
    (כז) a) אֶעְבְּרָה בְאַרְצֶךָ בַּדֶּרֶךְ בַּדֶּרֶךְ אֵלֵךְ לֹא אָסוּר יָמִין וּשְׂמֹאול:
    (כח) b) אֹכֶל בַּכֶּסֶף תַּשְׁבִּרֵנִי וְאָכַלְתִּי וּמַיִם בַּכֶּסֶף תִּתֶּן לִי וְשָׁתִיתִי רַק אֶעְבְּרָה בְרַגְלָי:
    Your browser may not support display of this image. Your browser may not support display of this image. Your browser may not support display of this image. (כט) כַּאֲשֶׁר עָשׂוּ לִי בְּנֵי עֵשָׂו הַיֹּשְׁבִים בְּשֵׂעִיר וְהַמּוֹאָבִים הַיֹּשְׁבִים בְּעָר עַד אֲשֶׁר אֶעֱבֹר אֶת הַיַּרְדֵּן אֶל הָאָרֶץ אֲשֶׁר יְקֹוָק אֱלֹקינוּ נֹתֵן לָנוּ:
    (ל) וְלֹא אָבָה סִיחֹן מֶלֶךְ חֶשְׁבּוֹן הַעֲבִרֵנוּ בּוֹ כִּי הִקְשָׁה יְקֹוָק אֱלֹקיךָ אֶת רוּחוֹ וְאִמֵּץ אֶת לְבָבוֹ לְמַעַן תִּתּוֹ בְיָדְךָ כַּיּוֹם הַזֶּה: ס
    Your browser may not support display of this image. במדבר פרק כ 
    (יד) וַיִּשְׁלַח מֹשֶׁה מַלְאָכִים מִקָּדֵשׁ אֶל מֶלֶךְ אֱדוֹם כֹּה אָמַר אָחִיךָ יִשְׂרָאֵל אַתָּה יָדַעְתָּ אֵת כָּל הַתְּלָאָה אֲשֶׁר מְצָאָתְנוּ:
    (טו) וַיֵּרְדוּ אֲבֹתֵינוּ מִצְרַיְמָה וַנֵּשֶׁב בְּמִצְרַיִם יָמִים רַבִּים וַיָּרֵעוּ לָנוּ מִצְרַיִם וְלַאֲבֹתֵינוּ:
    (טז) וַנִּצְעַק אֶל יְקֹוָק וַיִּשְׁמַע קֹלֵנוּ וַיִּשְׁלַח מַלְאָךְ וַיֹּצִאֵנוּ מִמִּצְרָיִם וְהִנֵּה אֲנַחְנוּ בְקָדֵשׁ עִיר קְצֵה גְבוּלֶךָ:
    (יז) a) נַעְבְּרָה נָּא בְאַרְצֶךָ לֹא נַעֲבֹר בְּשָׂדֶה וּבְכֶרֶם וְלֹא נִשְׁתֶּה מֵי בְאֵר דֶּרֶךְ הַמֶּלֶךְ נֵלֵךְ לֹא נִטֶּה יָמִין וּשְׂמֹאול עַד אֲשֶׁר נַעֲבֹר גְּבֻלֶךָ:
    (יח) וַיֹּאמֶר אֵלָיו אֱדוֹם לֹא תַעֲבֹר בִּי פֶּן בַּחֶרֶב אֵצֵא לִקְרָאתֶךָ:
    (יט) b) וַיֹּאמְרוּ אֵלָיו בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל בַּמְסִלָּה נַעֲלֶה וְאִם מֵימֶיךָ נִשְׁתֶּה אֲנִי וּמִקְנַי וְנָתַתִּי מִכְרָם רַק אֵין דָּבָר בְּרַגְלַי אֶעֱבֹרָה:
    (כ) וַיֹּאמֶר לֹא תַעֲבֹר וַיֵּצֵא אֱדוֹם לִקְרָאתוֹ בְּעַם כָּבֵד וּבְיָד חֲזָקָה:
    (כא) וַיְמָאֵן אֱדוֹם נְתֹן אֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל עֲבֹר בִּגְבֻלוֹ וַיֵּט יִשְׂרָאֵל מֵעָלָיו: פ
    במדבר פרק כב
    (ב) וַיַּרְא בָּלָק בֶּן צִפּוֹר אֵת כָּל אֲשֶׁר עָשָׂה יִשְׂרָאֵל לָאֱמֹרִי:
    (ג) וַיָּגָר מוֹאָב מִפְּנֵי הָעָם מְאֹד כִּי רַב הוּא וַיָּקָץ מוֹאָב מִפְּנֵי בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל:
    (ד) וַיֹּאמֶר מוֹאָב אֶל זִקְנֵי מִדְיָן עַתָּה יְלַחֲכוּ הַקָּהָל אֶת כָּל סְבִיבֹתֵינוּ כִּלְחֹךְ הַשּׁוֹר אֵת יֶרֶק הַשָּׂדֶה וּבָלָק בֶּן צִפּוֹר מֶלֶךְ לְמוֹאָב בָּעֵת הַהִוא:
    (ה) וַיִּשְׁלַח מַלְאָכִים אֶל בִּלְעָם בֶּן בְּעֹר פְּתוֹרָה אֲשֶׁר עַל הַנָּהָר אֶרֶץ בְּנֵי עַמּוֹ לִקְרֹא לוֹ לֵאמֹר הִנֵּה עַם יָצָא מִמִּצְרַיִם הִנֵּה כִסָּה אֶת עֵין הָאָרֶץ וְהוּא יֹשֵׁב מִמֻּלִי:
    דברים פרק כג
    (ד) לֹא יָבֹא עַמּוֹנִי וּמוֹאָבִי בִּקְהַל יְקֹוָק גַּם דּוֹר עֲשִׂירִי לֹא יָבֹא לָהֶם בִּקְהַל יְקֹוָק עַד עוֹלָם:
    (ה) עַל דְּבַר אֲשֶׁר לֹא קִדְּמוּ אֶתְכֶם בַּלֶּחֶם וּבַמַּיִםבַּדֶּרֶךְ בְּצֵאתְכֶם מִמִּצְרָיִם וַאֲשֶׁר שָׂכַר עָלֶיךָ אֶת בִּלְעָם בֶּן בְּעוֹר מִפְּתוֹר אֲרַם נַהֲרַיִם לְקַלְלֶךָּ:
    (ו) וְלֹא אָבָה יְקֹוָק אֱלֹקיךָ לִשְׁמֹעַ אֶל בִּלְעָם וַיַּהֲפֹךְ יְקֹוָק אֱלֹקיךָ לְּךָ אֶת הַקְּלָלָה לִבְרָכָה כִּי אֲהֵבְךָ יְקֹוָק אֱלֹקיךָ:
    (ז) לֹא תִדְרֹשׁ שְׁלֹמָם וְטֹבָתָם כָּל יָמֶיךָ לְעוֹלָם: ס
    1. The problem that the commentators are trying to resolve is the apparent disconnect between the account in BaMidbar of the experience of the Jews dealing with the kingdoms of Edom and Moav and Moshe’s representation of that experience when discussing Sichon’s response to his request to pass through his land, Cheshbon. Moshe states that Sichon did not respond favorably in contrast to Edom and Moav, but that does not appear to the be the case in the BaMidbar version.
    2. The “Yesh Meforshim” cited by Ibn Ezra state that while these peoples were not particularly hospitable, at least they sold food and drink to the Jews. However, in Devarim, when justification is given why Moabite men should not be allowed to marry into the Jewish people even if they convert (they would be permitted to marry only other converts), it is because no food or drink was offered to the Jews.
    3.  Since with respect to the King of Edom, two requests were made, a) to remain on the roads, and b) to purchase, rather than simply appropriate food, and we see that the Edomite King refused to allow them to pass through his country, thereby eliminating a), the only possibility left is b), i.e., that he might have allowed his people to sell food to the Jews, even while not allowing them to actually enter his land.
    4.  BaMidbar 20:18 effectively eliminates the possibility that a positive answer was received re request a).
    5.  Ibn Ezra suggests that even if the King of Edom did not allow the Jews to travel through his land, he also did not prevent them from circumventing his land along the pre-established roads. This is in contrast to Sichon, who came out to fight the Jews, even when they were ready to comply not to enter his land.
    6.  Although in BaMidbar 20:14, Moshe sends messengers to the Edomite King, the response described in v. 18, 20 and 21 emanates from “Edom”, suggesting that the entire nation was turning down the request of the Jews. Ibn Ezra interprets that the King was representing the nation and therefore the term “Melech” was not repeated in the verses after v. 14.
    7.  The Edomite King could only regulate who enters into the territory that is officially defined as his kingdom. The boundaries of a kingdom are usually artificial, i.e., there is no inherent reason why a particular country starts in one place and stops at another. Nevertheless, once it is established where the boundaries are, the people of the state in question will see fit to protect its sovereignty and resist what they perceive as improper trespassing into their territory.
    8.  The “Rabbim” are going in a different direction. They are focusing not upon whether the Jews were allowed to pass by, even if they did not enter Edom, but rather the issue of food. While the Moabites are castigated for not offering food and drink in terms of hospitality, this does not mean, according to the “Rabbim”, that they did not sell food and drink to the Jews. In that case, Moshe was asking Sichon to do no more than what the Edomites and Moabites did, i.e., at least sell food and drink to the Jews, a request that Sichon duly refused.
    9.  It is a bit strange that when Moshe describes the wording of the message that he sent to Sichon in Devarim 2, in many of the verses, i.e., 27-9, he mentions the first person, as if it was he alone, rather than the entire people, who was requesting permission to pass through Cheshbon. And if you were to say that the first person singular really represented the entire people, then why in v. 30, does Moshe suddenly use the plural, “Ha’avreinu”? One would have to say that Moshe made the request very personal in terms of himself, perhaps in that way hoping to ease Sichon’s justification of giving permission. However, in the end it made no difference, perhaps because HaShem Manipulated Sichon’s decision-making, leading him to declare was and thereby lose his land to the Jews.Would Reuven, Gad and ½ Menashe have been better off had they not been tempted by Sichon’s lands to remain on the other side of the Jordan?
    10. Although the “Vav” at the beginning of v. 30 suggests that this verse is a continuation of that which has come before, the message that Moshe sent to Sichon concludes at the end of v. 29, and therefore v. 30 is the beginning of a new thought, i.e., the result of Sichon’s receiving Moshe’s message. Consequently, RaLBaG thinks that the “Vav” is unnecessary.
    Beit.
    1.  Within  the same topic the Tora allows for Edomi converts to be accepted for marriage with Jews, but not Moavi converts. Yet even if we say that the Edomites sold food and drink to the Jews, they still did not offer food and drink as signs of hospitality, the very thing for which the Moabites are being criticized! If the only difference is that Balak hired Bila’am to curse the Jews, why isn’t that the only reason given for why the Moabites are to be excluded?
רש"י דברים פרק ב
(כט) כאשר עשו לי בני עשו - לא לענין לעבור את ארצם אלא לענין מכר אוכל ומים:
דברים פרק כג
(ד) לֹא יָבֹא עַמּוֹנִי וּמוֹאָבִי בִּקְהַל יְקֹוָק גַּם דּוֹר עֲשִׂירִי לֹא יָבֹא לָהֶם בִּקְהַל יְקֹוָק עַד עוֹלָם:
(ה) עַל דְּבַר אֲשֶׁר לֹא קִדְּמוּ אֶתְכֶם בַּלֶּחֶם וּבַמַּיִם בַּדֶּרֶךְ בְּצֵאתְכֶם מִמִּצְרָיִם וַאֲשֶׁר שָׂכַר עָלֶיךָ אֶת בִּלְעָם בֶּן בְּעוֹר מִפְּתוֹר אֲרַם נַהֲרַיִם לְקַלְלֶךָּ:
(ו) וְלֹא אָבָה יְקֹוָק אֱלֹקיךָ לִשְׁמֹעַ אֶל בִּלְעָם וַיַּהֲפֹךְ יְקֹוָק אֱלֹקיךָ לְּךָ אֶת הַקְּלָלָה לִבְרָכָה כִּי אֲהֵבְךָ יְקֹוָק אֱלֹקיךָ:
(ז) לֹא תִדְרֹשׁ שְׁלֹמָם וְטֹבָתָם כָּל יָמֶיךָ לְעוֹלָם: ס
(ח) לֹא תְתַעֵב אֲדֹמִי כִּי אָחִיךָ הוּא לֹא תְתַעֵב מִצְרִי כִּי גֵר הָיִיתָ בְאַרְצוֹ:
(ט) בָּנִים אֲשֶׁר יִוָּלְדוּ לָהֶם דּוֹר שְׁלִישִׁי יָבֹא לָהֶם בִּקְהַל יְקֹוָק: ס
    2. Ibn Ezra claims that the praiseworthy aspect of Edom and Moav’s reactions to Moshe’s request for free passage, is that they permitted the Jews to take paths and roads that circumvented their countries, without coming out to do battle as Sichon apparently chose to do. However, one can wonder how praiseworthy such conduct is. It’s one thing to allow another people to pass through your territory. But if they are in “international” territory so to speak, what gives anyone the right to take umbrage, threaten war, and when no war is forthcoming, to insist that this should be considered a great kindness? (This is reminiscent of Avimelech’s comment to Yitzchak, after asking him to leave Gerar and his servants destroying Yitzchak’s water sources:
בראשית פרק כו
(כט) אִם תַּעֲשֵׂה עִמָּנוּ רָעָה כַּאֲשֶׁר לֹא נְגַעֲנוּךָ וְכַאֲשֶׁר עָשִׂינוּ עִמְּךָ רַק טוֹב וַנְּשַׁלֵּחֲךָ בְּשָׁלוֹם אַתָּה עַתָּה בְּרוּךְ יְקֹוָק:
ר' חיים פלטיאל
(כט) וכאשר עשינו עמך רק טוב. זה משל הארי שיש לו עצם בגרונו ולא היה יכול להוציאו שנבלע לו עם הבשר והיה נוהם בקול גדול מצרת העצם עד שפגע בו העגור שיש לו צואר ארוך וא"ל הכניסי צוארך בתוך גרוני ותוציא העצם ואני אתן לך שכר גדול מיד הכניסה צוארה בגרון הארי והוציא את העצם ואז אמר העגור אל הארי תן לי שכרי כי הוצאתי את העצם מגרוניך וכעס הארי ואמר הרי כבר נתתי לך ואתה שואלה ממני ואמ' לו היכן הוא ואמר הרי נתתי לך שכר גדול שהכנסת צוארך בתוך גרוני ולא אכלתי אותך כי כן דרכי ומדתי לאכול ולטרוף הבהמות והחיות והעופות. וזהו כיוצא בו שאמר אבימלך ליצחק ונשלחך בשלום, כלומר אתה היית עם אנשים כמותינו ולא עשינו עמך רק טוב ולא עוד אלא ששלחנוך בשלום, אתה עתה ברוך ה' כמו כן כרות ברית עמנו ושלחנו מאתך בשלום כמו שעשינו לך שאתה ברוך, דוגמת בא ברוך השם ואנכי פיניתי הבית שאמר לבן לאליעזר. וכן עשה יצחק כדכתיב וישלחם יצחק וילכו מאתו בשלום.)
    3. HaKetav VeHaKabbala understands Moshe’s presentation regarding his overtures to Sichon following his interactions with Edom and Moav to reflect the fact that even though the Jews did not attack Edom and Moav once they were denied permission to enter these lands, that did not mean that the same would occur should Sichon turn the Jews down as well. Sichon understood that the Jews were afraid and therefore ripe for defeat, and this was why he came out to attack them. In fact, Moshe was just being courteous when he proposed a peaceable resolution to passing through Sichon’s land. An additional variable is that the land on which Sichon resided was designated as land that Jews would eventually live on—Reuven, Gad and ½ Menashe (this presumes that this was all part of the Divine Plan rather than merely a test for these 2 ½ tribes to see the extent to which they were interested in living in Canaan proper) and therefore one way or the other Sichon would be defeated, as opposed to the lands of Edom and Moav which never were intended for Jewish settlement.
    4. 
ויקרא פרק ד
(כב) אֲשֶׁר נָשִׂיא יֶחֱטָא וְעָשָׂה אַחַת מִכָּל מִצְוֹת יְקֹוָק אֱלֹהָיו אֲשֶׁר לֹא תֵעָשֶׂינָה בִּשְׁגָגָה וְאָשֵׁם:
אבן עזרא
(כב) אשר נשיא יחטא הפוך, וכן הוא: אשר יחטא הנשיא, והוא דבק אשר למעלה ואם כל עדת ישראל (יג), כאילו אמר: ואם אשר יחטא הוא נשיא שבט, או נשיא בית אב:
דברים פרק יח
(כב) אֲשֶׁר יְדַבֵּר הַנָּבִיא בְּשֵׁם יְקֹוָק וְלֹא יִהְיֶה הַדָּבָר וְלֹא יָבֹא הוּא הַדָּבָר אֲשֶׁר לֹא דִבְּרוֹ יְקֹוָק בְּזָדוֹן דִּבְּרוֹ הַנָּבִיא לֹא תָגוּר מִמֶּנּוּ: ס
רש"י דברים פרשת שפטים פרק יח פסוק כב
(כב) אשר ידבר הנביא - ויאמר דבר זה עתיד לבוא עליכם, ותראו שלא יבא, הוא הדבר אשר לא דברו ה' והרוג אותו. ואם תאמר זו במתנבא על העתידות, הרי שבא ואמר עשו כך וכך ומפי הקדוש ברוך הוא אני אומר, כבר נצטוו שאם בא להדיחך מאחת מכל המצות לא תשמע לו, אלא אם כן מומחה הוא לך שהוא צדיק גמור, כגון אליהו בהר הכרמל שהקריב בבמה בשעת איסור הבמות כדי לגדור את ישראל. הכל לפי צורך השעה וסייג הפרצה, לכך נאמר אליו תשמעון:
5.
    במדבר פרק כא
    (כא) וַיִּשְׁלַח יִשְׂרָאֵל מַלְאָכִים אֶל סִיחֹן מֶלֶךְ הָאֱמֹרִי לֵאמֹר:
    (כב) אֶעְבְּרָה בְאַרְצֶךָ לֹא נִטֶּה בְּשָׂדֶה וּבְכֶרֶם לֹא נִשְׁתֶּה מֵי בְאֵר בְּדֶרֶךְ הַמֶּלֶךְ נֵלֵךְ עַד אֲשֶׁר נַעֲבֹר גְּבֻלֶךָ:
    (כג) וְלֹא נָתַן סִיחֹן אֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל עֲבֹר בִּגְבֻלוֹ וַיֶּאֱסֹף סִיחֹן אֶת כָּל עַמּוֹ וַיֵּצֵא לִקְרַאת יִשְׂרָאֵל הַמִּדְבָּרָה וַיָּבֹא יָהְצָה וַיִּלָּחֶם בְּיִשְׂרָאֵל:
    (כד) וַיַּכֵּהוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל לְפִי חָרֶב וַיִּירַשׁ אֶת אַרְצוֹ מֵאַרְנֹן עַד יַבֹּק עַד בְּנֵי עַמּוֹן כִּי עַז גְּבוּל בְּנֵי עַמּוֹן:
    (כה) וַיִּקַּח יִשְׂרָאֵל אֵת כָּל הֶעָרִים הָאֵלֶּה וַיֵּשֶׁב יִשְׂרָאֵל בְּכָל עָרֵי הָאֱמֹרִי בְּחֶשְׁבּוֹן וּבְכָל בְּנֹתֶיהָ:
    (כו) כִּי חֶשְׁבּוֹן עִיר סִיחֹן מֶלֶךְ הָאֱמֹרִי הִוא וְהוּא נִלְחַם בְּמֶלֶךְ מוֹאָב הָרִאשׁוֹן וַיִּקַּח אֶת כָּל אַרְצוֹ מִיָּדוֹ עַד אַרְנֹן:
    דברים ב
    (ל) וְלֹא אָבָה סִיחֹן מֶלֶךְ חֶשְׁבּוֹן הַעֲבִרֵנוּ בּוֹ כִּי הִקְשָׁה יְקֹוָק אֱלֹקיךָ אֶת רוּחוֹ וְאִמֵּץ אֶת לְבָבוֹ לְמַעַן תִּתּוֹ בְיָדְךָ כַּיּוֹם הַזֶּה: ס
    במדבר פרק כ
    (יד) וַיִּשְׁלַח מֹשֶׁה מַלְאָכִים מִקָּדֵשׁ אֶל מֶלֶךְ
    אֱדוֹם כֹּה אָמַר אָחִיךָ יִשְׂרָאֵל אַתָּה יָדַעְתָּ אֵת כָּל הַתְּלָאָה אֲשֶׁר מְצָאָתְנוּ:
    (טו) וַיֵּרְדוּ אֲבֹתֵינוּ מִצְרַיְמָה וַנֵּשֶׁב בְּמִצְרַיִם יָמִים רַבִּים וַיָּרֵעוּ לָנוּ מִצְרַיִם וְלַאֲבֹתֵינוּ:
    (טז) וַנִּצְעַק אֶל יְקֹוָק וַיִּשְׁמַע קֹלֵנוּ וַיִּשְׁלַח מַלְאָךְ וַיֹּצִאֵנוּ מִמִּצְרָיִם וְהִנֵּה אֲנַחְנוּ בְקָדֵשׁ עִיר קְצֵה גְבוּלֶךָ:
    (יז) נַעְבְּרָה נָּא בְאַרְצֶךָ לֹא נַעֲבֹר בְּשָׂדֶה וּבְכֶרֶם וְלֹא נִשְׁתֶּה מֵי בְאֵר דֶּרֶךְ הַמֶּלֶךְ נֵלֵךְ לֹא נִטֶּה יָמִין וּשְׂמֹאול עַד אֲשֶׁר נַעֲבֹר גְּבֻלֶךָ:
    (יח) וַיֹּאמֶר אֵלָיו אֱדוֹם לֹא תַעֲבֹר בִּי פֶּן בַּחֶרֶב אֵצֵא לִקְרָאתֶךָ:
    (יט) וַיֹּאמְרוּ אֵלָיו בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל בַּמְסִלָּה נַעֲלֶה וְאִם מֵימֶיךָ נִשְׁתֶּה אֲנִי וּמִקְנַי וְנָתַתִּי מִכְרָם רַק אֵין דָּבָר בְּרַגְלַי אֶעֱבֹרָה:
    (כ) וַיֹּאמֶר לֹא תַעֲבֹר וַיֵּצֵא אֱדוֹם לִקְרָאתוֹ בְּעַם כָּבֵד וּבְיָד חֲזָקָה:
    (כא) וַיְמָאֵן אֱדוֹם נְתֹן אֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל עֲבֹר בִּגְבֻלוֹ וַיֵּט יִשְׂרָאֵל מֵעָלָיו: פ

         In Devarim 2:22 there wasn’t the same phraseology that appeared in BaMidbar 20:19, the latter serving as an emphatic guarantee that the Jews would enter by force.  Therefore Moshe never promised that the Jews would not enter Cheshbon by force if Sichon refused to give them safe passage. If in Devarim 2:30 it is stated that HaShem always Intended for Sichon to fight and lose, why did Moshe make a peace overture? According to HaKetav VeHaKabbala, the peace overture was not as far-reaching and absolute as the one offered to Edom and therefore Moshe, when offering peace, was not coming into conflict with God’s Plan to have Sichon fight and be defeated.
    6. See above.
    7.  From what Balak, King of Moav states when planning to invite Bila’am to curse the Jews,
במדבר פרק כב
(ד) וַיֹּאמֶר מוֹאָב אֶל זִקְנֵי מִדְיָן עַתָּה יְלַחֲכוּ הַקָּהָל אֶת כָּל סְבִיבֹתֵינוּ כִּלְחֹךְ הַשּׁוֹר אֵת יֶרֶק הַשָּׂדֶה וּבָלָק בֶּן צִפּוֹר מֶלֶךְ לְמוֹאָב בָּעֵת הַהִוא:
    it would appear that the Moabites were not going to permit the Jews to enter their land any time soon.
    Gimel.
    R. D.Z. Hoffmann appears to disconnect Devarim 2:29 from v. 27 and 28, i.e., the only relevant piece of information for Sichon is that Edom and Moav allowed the Jews to pass by freely on external roads and that’s all that Moshe is requesting for Sichon to agree to. The issue of food and drink as well as sticking to the roads within the countries might have been proposed by Moshe, but once these conditions were rejected, they no longer played a role in the negotiations with Sichon and were not on the table.