Monday, August 22, 2011
Wednesday, August 17, 2011
ekev answers
Eikev 5724
Alef.
- 1. The common denominator in all three passages is that when the Jews find themselves in good circumstances, they will neglect to recall HaShem’s Role in positioning them to benefit from so much.
- 2.
דברים פרק ו
(י) וְהָיָה כִּי יְבִיאֲךָ יְקֹוָק אֱלֹקיךָ אֶל הָאָרֶץ אֲשֶׁר נִשְׁבַּע לַאֲבֹתֶיךָ לְאַבְרָהָם לְיִצְחָק וּלְיַעֲקֹב לָתֶת לָךְ עָרִים גְּדֹלֹת וְטֹבֹת אֲשֶׁר לֹא בָנִיתָ:
(יא) וּבָתִּים מְלֵאִים כָּל טוּב אֲשֶׁר לֹא מִלֵּאתָ וּבֹרֹת חֲצוּבִים אֲשֶׁר לֹא חָצַבְתָּ כְּרָמִים וְזֵיתִים אֲשֶׁר לֹא נָטָעְתָּ וְאָכַלְתָּ וְשָׂבָעְתָּ: התנאי
(יב) תשובת התנאי הִשָּׁמֶר לְךָ פֶּן תִּשְׁכַּח אֶת יְקֹוָק אֲשֶׁר הוֹצִיאֲךָ מֵאֶרֶץ מִצְרַיִם מִבֵּית עֲבָדִים:
דברים פרק ח
(ז) כִּי יְקֹוָק אֱלֹקיךָ מְבִיאֲךָ אֶל אֶרֶץ טוֹבָה אֶרֶץ נַחֲלֵי מָיִם עֲיָנֹת וּתְהֹמֹת יֹצְאִים בַּבִּקְעָה וּבָהָר:
(ח) אֶרֶץ חִטָּה וּשְׂעֹרָה וְגֶפֶן וּתְאֵנָה וְרִמּוֹן אֶרֶץ זֵית שֶׁמֶן וּדְבָשׁ:
(ט) אֶרֶץ אֲשֶׁר לֹא בְמִסְכֵּנֻת תֹּאכַל בָּהּ לֶחֶם לֹא תֶחְסַר כֹּל בָּהּ אֶרֶץ אֲשֶׁר אֲבָנֶיהָ בַרְזֶל וּמֵהֲרָרֶיהָ תַּחְצֹב נְחֹשֶׁת:
שם
(יב) התנאי פֶּן תֹּאכַל וְשָׂבָעְתָּ וּבָתִּים טֹבִים תִּבְנֶה וְיָשָׁבְתָּ:
(יג) וּבְקָרְךָ וְצֹאנְךָ יִרְבְּיֻן וְכֶסֶף וְזָהָב יִרְבֶּה לָּךְ וְכֹל אֲשֶׁר לְךָ יִרְבֶּה:
(יד) וְרָם לְבָבֶךָ וְשָׁכַחְתָּ אֶת יְקֹוָק אֱלֹהֶיךָ הַמּוֹצִיאֲךָ מֵאֶרֶץ מִצְרַיִם מִבֵּית עֲבָדִים:
(טו) הַמּוֹלִיכֲךָ בַּמִּדְבָּר הַגָּדֹל וְהַנּוֹרָא נָחָשׁ שָׂרָף וְעַקְרָב וְצִמָּאוֹן אֲשֶׁר אֵין מָיִם הַמּוֹצִיא לְךָ מַיִם מִצּוּר הַחַלָּמִישׁ:
(טז) הַמַּאֲכִלְךָ מָן בַּמִּדְבָּר אֲשֶׁר לֹא יָדְעוּן אֲבֹתֶיךָ לְמַעַן עַנֹּתְךָ וּלְמַעַן נַסֹּתֶךָ לְהֵיטִבְךָ בְּאַחֲרִיתֶךָ:
(יז) וְאָמַרְתָּ בִּלְבָבֶךָ כֹּחִי וְעֹצֶם יָדִי עָשָׂה לִי אֶת הַחַיִל הַזֶּה:
(יח) תשובת התנאי וְזָכַרְתָּ אֶת יְקֹוָק אֱלֹקיךָ כִּי הוּא הַנֹּתֵן לְךָ כֹּחַ לַעֲשׂוֹת חָיִל לְמַעַן הָקִים אֶת בְּרִיתוֹ אֲשֶׁר נִשְׁבַּע לַאֲבֹתֶיךָ כַּיּוֹם הַזֶּה: פ
3. Devarim 6:10-12
Cities that you have not built; full houses that you have not filled; irrigation ditches that you have not dug; vineyards and orchards that you have not planted.
Ibid. 8:7-11
A land of water features; a land with abundant grains and fruits; a land that is fertile and provides sufficient food for its inhabitants; a land from which iron and copper can be mined.
Ibid. 12-18
You will eat to satiation; build fine houses in which you will dwell; have abundant herds; possess great wealth; have everything in abundance.
4. Devarim 6:10-12
Not appreciating what led up to all of the benefits that the Jewish people experienced as soon as they reached the land of Israel.
Not appreciating the tremendous kindness God has Done the Jewish people by Providing them with a land so richly endowed with natural resources.
Once you have become successful through your own efforts, you will take complete credit for your achievements rather than appreciating God’s Role in allowing you to achieve so well.
5. The three sections reflect a chronological progression:
Devarim 6:10-12
The Jews first arrive in the land of Israel to find ready-made food and infrastructure.
Ibid. 8:7-11
Once they are in the land, they come to recognize all of the land’s natural resources as they explore their new homeland.
Ibid. 12-18
They are in the land for a while and have achieved by means of their own efforts great success.
6. In 8:7-11, the people have just arrived in the land, and the qualities of the land would be fresh in the people’s minds, allowing God to Take credit for having Brought them to such a wonderful place. In v. 12-8, the people have already been in the land for some time, and therefore the qualities of the land have paled in comparison with how individual people have managed to utilize these resources for their own advancement. Since they might be blinded by their achievements vis-à-vis the land’s qualities, emphasis is placed upon the role of HaShem in Bringing them to a land wherein they could be so successful.
7. The verses in Devarim 32 appear to invoke the land’s natural resources rather than things that were found there made by its previous inhabitants, or things that the people eventually accomplished on their own.
דברים פרק לב
(יג) יַרְכִּבֵהוּ עַל בָּמֳתֵי אָרֶץ וַיֹּאכַל תְּנוּבֹת שָׂדָי וַיֵּנִקֵהוּ דְבַשׁ מִסֶּלַע וְשֶׁמֶן מֵחַלְמִישׁ צוּר:
(יד) חֶמְאַת בָּקָר וַחֲלֵב צֹאן עִם חֵלֶב כָּרִים וְאֵילִים בְּנֵי בָשָׁן וְעַתּוּדִים עִם חֵלֶב כִּלְיוֹת חִטָּה וְדַם עֵנָב תִּשְׁתֶּה חָמֶר:
He made him ride on the high places of the earth, and he did eat the fruitage of the field; and He made him to suck honey out of the crag, and oil out of the flinty rock; Curd of kine, and milk of sheep, with fat of lambs, and rams of the breed of Bashan, and he-goats, with the kidney-fat of wheat; and of the blood of the grape thou drankest foaming wine.
(טו) וַיִּשְׁמַן יְשֻׁרוּן וַיִּבְעָט שָׁמַנְתָּ עָבִיתָ כָּשִׂיתָ וַיִּטֹּשׁ אֱלוֹק עָשָׂהוּ וַיְנַבֵּל צוּר יְשֻׁעָתוֹ:
(טז) יַקְנִאֻהוּ בְּזָרִים בְּתוֹעֵבֹת יַכְעִיסֻהוּ:
(יז) יִזְבְּחוּ לַשֵּׁדִים לֹא אֱלֹהַּ אֱלֹהִים לֹא יְדָעוּם חֲדָשִׁים מִקָּרֹב בָּאוּ לֹא שְׂעָרוּם אֲבֹתֵיכֶם:
Beit.(יח) צוּר יְלָדְךָ תֶּשִׁי וַתִּשְׁכַּח אֵל מְחֹלְלֶךָ:
- In Shemot 1:11, when the storage cities that the Jews were forced to construct for the Egyptians are mentioned, the same terminology is invoked:
שמות פרק א
(יא) וַיָּשִׂימוּ עָלָיו שָׂרֵי מִסִּים לְמַעַן עַנֹּתוֹ בְּסִבְלֹתָם וַיִּבֶן עָרֵי מִסְכְּנוֹת לְפַרְעֹה אֶת פִּתֹם וְאֶת רַעַמְסֵס:
- Consequently, in Egypt, in order to be provided with food the slaves had to work in dangerous conditions. This will not be the case in the land of Israel, another dimension of the sentiment expressed in Devarim:
דברים פרק יא
Gimel.(י) כִּי הָאָרֶץ אֲשֶׁר אַתָּה בָא שָׁמָּה לְרִשְׁתָּהּ לֹא כְאֶרֶץ מִצְרַיִם הִוא אֲשֶׁר יְצָאתֶם מִשָּׁם אֲשֶׁר תִּזְרַע אֶת זַרְעֲךָ וְהִשְׁקִיתָ בְרַגְלְךָ כְּגַן הַיָּרָק:
- 1. The phrase, “נחש, שרף ועקרב” comprised of nouns, seems to be used as an adjectival phrase in Devarim 8:15, but the noun that is being modified by them in a prepositional phrase is unidentified
- 2. Ibn Ezra understands the word “מדבר” to be the object of description not only of the adjectives “גדול ונורא”, but also of נחש, שרף ועקרב"”, i.e., a desert that contains “snakes, fiery snakes and soorpions”. The Beiur does not attach the three nouns to “desert” but rather to an understood phrase referring simply to a “place” containing these animal forms.
- Daled.
- 1. Usually memories are catalyzed by some reminder or association that parallels or is similar to that which is ultimately remembered. However, in this case, the memory appears to be the opposite of what the previous thought is described to be, i.e., in Devarim 8:17-8—“And thou say in thy heart: 'My power and the might of my hand hath gotten me this wealth.' But thou shalt remember the LORD thy God, for it is He that Giveth thee power to get wealth, that He may Establish His Covenant which He Swore unto thy fathers, as it is this day.” Why would thinking that one has accomplished everything by his own devices inspire the thought that it is actually HaShem Who is Responsible for the individual’s success?
- 2. In the second paragraph of Shema, Devarim 11:16-8, one encounters a sudden shift of this nature as well: “Take heed to yourselves, lest your heart be deceived, and ye turn aside, and serve other gods, and worship them; and the anger of the LORD be kindled against you, and He shut up the heaven, so that there shall be no rain, and the ground shall not yield her fruit; and ye perish quickly from off the good land which the LORD giveth you. Therefore shall ye lay up these My words in your heart and in your soul; and ye shall bind them for a sign upon your hand, and they shall be for frontlets between your eyes.” If people are already “off the Derech”, why would they suddenly return? But rather the Tora in both places are discussing what one should do before the fact, to avoid making such mistakes, or even after the fact, if one is disillusioned by the path upon which he has embarked, to consciously and pro-actively seek to go in a different direction.
- Heh.
דברים פרק ח
ב) וְזָכַרְתָּ אֶת כָּל הַדֶּרֶךְ אֲשֶׁר הוֹלִיכֲךָ יְקֹוָק אֱלֹקיךָ זֶה אַרְבָּעִים שָׁנָה בַּמִּדְבָּר לְמַעַן עַנֹּתְךָ לְנַסֹּתְךָ לָדַעַת אֶת אֲשֶׁר בִּלְבָבְךָ הֲתִשְׁמֹר מִצְוֹתָיו אִם לֹא:
(ג) וַיְעַנְּךָ וַיַּרְעִבֶךָ וַיַּאֲכִלְךָ אֶת הַמָּן אֲשֶׁר לֹא יָדַעְתָּ וְלֹא יָדְעוּן אֲבֹתֶיךָ לְמַעַן הוֹדִיעֲךָ כִּי לֹא עַל הַלֶּחֶם לְבַדּוֹ יִחְיֶה הָאָדָם כִּי עַל כָּל מוֹצָא פִי יְקֹוָק יִחְיֶה הָאָדָם:
(ד) שִׂמְלָתְךָ לֹא בָלְתָה מֵעָלֶיךָ וְרַגְלְךָ לֹא בָצֵקָה זֶה אַרְבָּעִים שָׁנָה:
(ה) וְיָדַעְתָּ עִם לְבָבֶךָ כִּי כַּאֲשֶׁר יְיַסֵּר אִישׁ אֶת בְּנוֹ יְקֹוָק אֱלֹקיךָ מְיַסְּרֶךָּ:
(ו) וְשָׁמַרְתָּ אֶת מִצְוֹת יְקֹוָק אֱלֹקיךָ לָלֶכֶת בִּדְרָכָיו וּלְיִרְאָה אֹתוֹ:
(ז) כִּי יְקֹוָק אֱלֹקיךָ מְבִיאֲךָ אֶל אֶרֶץ טוֹבָה אֶרֶץ נַחֲלֵי מָיִם עֲיָנֹת וּתְהֹמֹת יֹצְאִים בַּבִּקְעָה וּבָהָר:
(ח) אֶרֶץ חִטָּה וּשְׂעֹרָה וְגֶפֶן וּתְאֵנָה וְרִמּוֹן אֶרֶץ זֵית שֶׁמֶן וּדְבָשׁ:
(ט) אֶרֶץ אֲשֶׁר לֹא בְמִסְכֵּנֻת תֹּאכַל בָּהּ לֶחֶם לֹא תֶחְסַר כֹּל בָּהּ אֶרֶץ אֲשֶׁר אֲבָנֶיהָ בַרְזֶל וּמֵהֲרָרֶיהָ תַּחְצֹב נְחֹשֶׁת:
(י) וְאָכַלְתָּ וְשָׂבָעְתָּ וּבֵרַכְתָּ אֶת יְקֹוָק אֱלֹקיךָ עַל הָאָרֶץ הַטֹּבָה אֲשֶׁר נָתַן לָךְ:
(יא) הִשָּׁמֶר לְךָ פֶּן תִּשְׁכַּח אֶת יְקֹוָק אֱלֹקיךָ לְבִלְתִּי שְׁמֹר מִצְוֹתָיו וּמִשְׁפָּטָיו וְחֻקֹּתָיו אֲשֶׁר אָנֹכִי מְצַוְּךָ הַיּוֹם:
(יב) פֶּן תֹּאכַל וְשָׂבָעְתָּ וּבָתִּים טֹבִים תִּבְנֶה וְיָשָׁבְתָּ:
(יג) וּבְקָרְךָ וְצֹאנְךָ יִרְבְּיֻן וְכֶסֶף וְזָהָב יִרְבֶּה לָּךְ וְכֹל אֲשֶׁר לְךָ יִרְבֶּה:
(יד) וְרָם לְבָבֶךָ וְשָׁכַחְתָּ אֶת יְקֹוָק אֱלֹקיךָ הַמּוֹצִיאֲךָ מֵאֶרֶץ מִצְרַיִם מִבֵּית עֲבָדִים:
(טו) הַמּוֹלִיכֲךָ בַּמִּדְבָּר הַגָּדֹל וְהַנּוֹרָא נָחָשׁ שָׂרָף וְעַקְרָב וְצִמָּאוֹן אֲשֶׁר אֵין מָיִם הַמּוֹצִיא לְךָ מַיִם מִצּוּר הַחַלָּמִישׁ:
(טז) הַמַּאֲכִלְךָ מָן בַּמִּדְבָּר אֲשֶׁר לֹא יָדְעוּן אֲבֹתֶיךָ לְמַעַן עַנֹּתְךָ וּלְמַעַן נַסֹּתֶךָ לְהֵיטִבְךָ בְּאַחֲרִיתֶךָ:
(יז) וְאָמַרְתָּ בִּלְבָבֶךָ כֹּחִי וְעֹצֶם יָדִי עָשָׂה לִי אֶת הַחַיִל הַזֶּה:
- Devarim 8:2 deals with the desert not only as a qualitative entity, but also as one where the people have been sentenced to wander for forty years as a result of the sin of the spies. The reference in 8:16 is to only the fact that they had to go into the desert to demonstrate their loyalty to God, but not as a punishment for some previous wrongdoing that would result in affliction for its own sake as a manifestation of atonement. Of the three examples of Divine Tests in the Midrash, the first two contain the additional factor of not only testing only those that are up to the task, but also who will improve over the course of the test, in contrast to the second example, where all that is important is which animal will be able to withstand the burden with which he is tasked. The forty year sentence was in the interests of improving the Jewish people to allow them to overcome their shortcomings, whereas the idea of simply going into the desert in the first place, prior to the decree of forty years, addresses who will be tested, but not necessarily improved as a result.
Tuesday, August 16, 2011
Monday, August 8, 2011
parshat veetchanan answers
VaEtchanan 5716
Alef.
רשב"ם דברים פרק ו
(ה) ובכל נפשך - לפי פשוטו אפילו נוטלין את נפשך, שהרי כבר אמר בכל לבבך:
- The difference appears to lie in what is immediately causing you to lose your life, i.e., the individual who is attempting to get you to compromise your religious principles, vs. the basis for why you are resisting and not giving in to the pressure, HaShem, Whom you love and therefore do not wish to transgress His Commandments. RaShI by using the third person singular, is focusing on HaShem, rather than the individual who is forcing you to sin.
- Beit.
- 1. If the individual in question is non-materialistic, then his willingness to sacrifice his possessions is no particular sign of love of God on his part. Consequently, since the manifestation of love for God is very individualistic and can vary from person to person in terms of their priorities, RaShI adds in connection to “בכל מאדך” that this applies only to a certain type of person.
- 2. א) When a single commentator, in this case RaShI, give multiple interpretations for the same textual curiosity, it is an indication that there are weaknesses with each one (otherwise, he would offer only a single explanation indicating his singular preference).
- The weakness with the first answer is perhaps based upon when there is a series, in this case three words describing how one should love God,"לבבך" "נפשך" "מאדך", one could think that they are either in ascending or descending order. But then one is faced with the quandary of how they are to compare with one another. If מאדך is the least significant, then is לבבך more important than נפשך? And if one assumes that נפשך is more important than לבבך, one is forced to conclude that מאדך is the highest manifestation of love? But if מאדך means something entirely different, i.e., this is not a matter of how one loves God, but rather when one is called upon to love God, I no longer have to see ascension or descension with regard to the first two elements that were mentioned.
- The weakness with the second explanation is that מאדך does not even remotely seem to be linked etymologically to the word מדה and therefore the interpretation is clearly more a matter of דרש than פשט, an approach that Nechama feels RaShI pursues when the דרש sheds light on פשט which does not appear to be the case in this instance.
- ב) The idea underlying "בכל נפשך appears to be the literal manner in which you must love God, i.e., even if it requires the sacrifice of your life. The second interpretation of RaShI is focusing upon the emotion of love—under what circumstances are you required to feel love for God? In every circumstance, even when it appears that God is not treating you in a comparable manner. One must love God not only because things are good, but in spite of things being bad.
- ג)
תהלים פרק קטז
(יג) כּוֹס יְשׁוּעוֹת אֶשָּׂא וּבְשֵׁם יְקֹוָק אֶקְרָא:
- I will lift up the cup of salvation, and call upon the name of the LORD.
תהלים פרק קטז
(ג) אֲפָפוּנִי חֶבְלֵי מָוֶת וּמְצָרֵי שְׁאוֹל מְצָאוּנִי צָרָה וְיָגוֹן אֶמְצָא:
- The cords of death compassed me, and the straits of the nether-world got hold upon me; I found trouble and sorrow.
- RaShI uses the combination of these two verses to derive the idea, that despite the fact that the Psalmist states earlier (v. 3) that he has been beset with trouble and sorrow, nevertheless (v. 16) he will acknowledge how God is the Source of his Salvation. (The normal tendency would be to do so only when things were going extremely well.)
- Gimel.
- 1. The difference between the Sifrei and RaShI on the one hand and RaMBaM on the other is the manner in which one can achieve love of God. It is always problematic to Command someone to feel a certain way. Consequently, there per force have to be strategies by which to achieve the desired emotional stance. Sifrei and RaShI suggest that Tora study is the manner by which one can come to love God. RaMBaM recommends the contemplation of God’s Creation, the natural world, as the portal to such a sensibility. Perhaps RaMBaM understands the verses in Devarim 6 as Commanding two separate Commandments, i.e., loving God and studying/teaching Tora, rather than assuming that the latter is the means for achieving the former.
- (It is notable that RaMBaM in his Sefer HaMitzvot appears to mention extremely briefly both strategies:
ספר המצוות לרמב"ם מצות עשה ג
והמצוה השלישית היא שצונו לאהבו יתעלה וזה שנתבונן ונשכיל 1) מצותיו 2) ופעולותיו עד שנשיגהו ונתענג בהשגתו תכלית התענוג וזאת היא האהבה המחוייבת. ולשון סיפרי (פ' שמע) לפי שנאמר ואהבת את ה' אלקיך איני יודע כיצד אוהב את המקום תלמוד לומר והיו הדברים האלה אשר אנכי מצוך היום על לבבך שמתוך כך אתה מכיר את מי שאמר והיה העולם. הנה כבר בארו לך כי בהשתכלות תתאמת לך ההשגה ויגיע התענוג ותבא האהבה בהכרח. וכבר אמרו שמצוה זו כוללת גם כן שנדרוש ונקרא האנשים כולם לעבודתו יתעלה ולהאמין בו. וזה כי כשתאהב אדם תשים לבך עליו ותשבחהו ותבקש האנשים לאהוב אותו. וזה על צד המשל כן כשתאהב האל באמת כמה שהגיעה לך מהשגת אמיתתו הנה אתה בלא ספק תדרוש ותקרא הכופרים והסכלים לידיעת האמת אשר ידעת אותה. ולשון סיפרי (שם) ואהבת את ה' וכו' אהבהו על הבריות כאברהם אביך שנאמר ואת הנפש אשר עשו בחרן. ר"ל כמו שאברהם בעבור שהיה אוהב השם כמו שהעיד הכתוב (ישעי' מא) אברהם אוהבי שהיה גם כן לגודל השגתו דרש האנשים אל האמונה מחוזק אהבתו כן אתה אהוב אותו עד שתדרוש האנשים אליו:)
- 2. RaShI understands v. 6 as explaining how to come to fulfill v. 5. How does one come to love God? By studying Tora.
- RaMBaM sees them as separate Commandments, with Love of God as a “Meta-Mitzva” that provides a framework for so many other Mitzvot, i.e., You should study Tora. Why? Because it is a manifestation of your love for God.
Sunday, August 7, 2011
Wednesday, August 3, 2011
Dvarim Answers
Devarim 5730
Alef.
- 1.
- 1. The problem that the commentators are trying to resolve is the apparent disconnect between the account in BaMidbar of the experience of the Jews dealing with the kingdoms of Edom and Moav and Moshe’s representation of that experience when discussing Sichon’s response to his request to pass through his land, Cheshbon. Moshe states that Sichon did not respond favorably in contrast to Edom and Moav, but that does not appear to the be the case in the BaMidbar version.
- 2. The “Yesh Meforshim” cited by Ibn Ezra state that while these peoples were not particularly hospitable, at least they sold food and drink to the Jews. However, in Devarim, when justification is given why Moabite men should not be allowed to marry into the Jewish people even if they convert (they would be permitted to marry only other converts), it is because no food or drink was offered to the Jews.
- 3. Since with respect to the King of Edom, two requests were made, a) to remain on the roads, and b) to purchase, rather than simply appropriate food, and we see that the Edomite King refused to allow them to pass through his country, thereby eliminating a), the only possibility left is b), i.e., that he might have allowed his people to sell food to the Jews, even while not allowing them to actually enter his land.
- 4. BaMidbar 20:18 effectively eliminates the possibility that a positive answer was received re request a).
- 5. Ibn Ezra suggests that even if the King of Edom did not allow the Jews to travel through his land, he also did not prevent them from circumventing his land along the pre-established roads. This is in contrast to Sichon, who came out to fight the Jews, even when they were ready to comply not to enter his land.
- 6. Although in BaMidbar 20:14, Moshe sends messengers to the Edomite King, the response described in v. 18, 20 and 21 emanates from “Edom”, suggesting that the entire nation was turning down the request of the Jews. Ibn Ezra interprets that the King was representing the nation and therefore the term “Melech” was not repeated in the verses after v. 14.
- 7. The Edomite King could only regulate who enters into the territory that is officially defined as his kingdom. The boundaries of a kingdom are usually artificial, i.e., there is no inherent reason why a particular country starts in one place and stops at another. Nevertheless, once it is established where the boundaries are, the people of the state in question will see fit to protect its sovereignty and resist what they perceive as improper trespassing into their territory.
- 8. The “Rabbim” are going in a different direction. They are focusing not upon whether the Jews were allowed to pass by, even if they did not enter Edom, but rather the issue of food. While the Moabites are castigated for not offering food and drink in terms of hospitality, this does not mean, according to the “Rabbim”, that they did not sell food and drink to the Jews. In that case, Moshe was asking Sichon to do no more than what the Edomites and Moabites did, i.e., at least sell food and drink to the Jews, a request that Sichon duly refused.
- 9. It is a bit strange that when Moshe describes the wording of the message that he sent to Sichon in Devarim 2, in many of the verses, i.e., 27-9, he mentions the first person, as if it was he alone, rather than the entire people, who was requesting permission to pass through Cheshbon. And if you were to say that the first person singular really represented the entire people, then why in v. 30, does Moshe suddenly use the plural, “Ha’avreinu”? One would have to say that Moshe made the request very personal in terms of himself, perhaps in that way hoping to ease Sichon’s justification of giving permission. However, in the end it made no difference, perhaps because HaShem Manipulated Sichon’s decision-making, leading him to declare was and thereby lose his land to the Jews.Would Reuven, Gad and ½ Menashe have been better off had they not been tempted by Sichon’s lands to remain on the other side of the Jordan?
- 10. Although the “Vav” at the beginning of v. 30 suggests that this verse is a continuation of that which has come before, the message that Moshe sent to Sichon concludes at the end of v. 29, and therefore v. 30 is the beginning of a new thought, i.e., the result of Sichon’s receiving Moshe’s message. Consequently, RaLBaG thinks that the “Vav” is unnecessary.
- Beit.
- 1. Within the same topic the Tora allows for Edomi converts to be accepted for marriage with Jews, but not Moavi converts. Yet even if we say that the Edomites sold food and drink to the Jews, they still did not offer food and drink as signs of hospitality, the very thing for which the Moabites are being criticized! If the only difference is that Balak hired Bila’am to curse the Jews, why isn’t that the only reason given for why the Moabites are to be excluded?
רש"י דברים פרק ב
(כט) כאשר עשו לי בני עשו - לא לענין לעבור את ארצם אלא לענין מכר אוכל ומים:
דברים פרק כג
(ד) לֹא יָבֹא עַמּוֹנִי וּמוֹאָבִי בִּקְהַל יְקֹוָק גַּם דּוֹר עֲשִׂירִי לֹא יָבֹא לָהֶם בִּקְהַל יְקֹוָק עַד עוֹלָם:
(ה) עַל דְּבַר אֲשֶׁר לֹא קִדְּמוּ אֶתְכֶם בַּלֶּחֶם וּבַמַּיִם בַּדֶּרֶךְ בְּצֵאתְכֶם מִמִּצְרָיִם וַאֲשֶׁר שָׂכַר עָלֶיךָ אֶת בִּלְעָם בֶּן בְּעוֹר מִפְּתוֹר אֲרַם נַהֲרַיִם לְקַלְלֶךָּ:
(ו) וְלֹא אָבָה יְקֹוָק אֱלֹקיךָ לִשְׁמֹעַ אֶל בִּלְעָם וַיַּהֲפֹךְ יְקֹוָק אֱלֹקיךָ לְּךָ אֶת הַקְּלָלָה לִבְרָכָה כִּי אֲהֵבְךָ יְקֹוָק אֱלֹקיךָ:
(ז) לֹא תִדְרֹשׁ שְׁלֹמָם וְטֹבָתָם כָּל יָמֶיךָ לְעוֹלָם: ס
(ח) לֹא תְתַעֵב אֲדֹמִי כִּי אָחִיךָ הוּא לֹא תְתַעֵב מִצְרִי כִּי גֵר הָיִיתָ בְאַרְצוֹ:
(ט) בָּנִים אֲשֶׁר יִוָּלְדוּ לָהֶם דּוֹר שְׁלִישִׁי יָבֹא לָהֶם בִּקְהַל יְקֹוָק: ס
- 2. Ibn Ezra claims that the praiseworthy aspect of Edom and Moav’s reactions to Moshe’s request for free passage, is that they permitted the Jews to take paths and roads that circumvented their countries, without coming out to do battle as Sichon apparently chose to do. However, one can wonder how praiseworthy such conduct is. It’s one thing to allow another people to pass through your territory. But if they are in “international” territory so to speak, what gives anyone the right to take umbrage, threaten war, and when no war is forthcoming, to insist that this should be considered a great kindness? (This is reminiscent of Avimelech’s comment to Yitzchak, after asking him to leave Gerar and his servants destroying Yitzchak’s water sources:
בראשית פרק כו
(כט) אִם תַּעֲשֵׂה עִמָּנוּ רָעָה כַּאֲשֶׁר לֹא נְגַעֲנוּךָ וְכַאֲשֶׁר עָשִׂינוּ עִמְּךָ רַק טוֹב וַנְּשַׁלֵּחֲךָ בְּשָׁלוֹם אַתָּה עַתָּה בְּרוּךְ יְקֹוָק:
ר' חיים פלטיאל
(כט) וכאשר עשינו עמך רק טוב. זה משל הארי שיש לו עצם בגרונו ולא היה יכול להוציאו שנבלע לו עם הבשר והיה נוהם בקול גדול מצרת העצם עד שפגע בו העגור שיש לו צואר ארוך וא"ל הכניסי צוארך בתוך גרוני ותוציא העצם ואני אתן לך שכר גדול מיד הכניסה צוארה בגרון הארי והוציא את העצם ואז אמר העגור אל הארי תן לי שכרי כי הוצאתי את העצם מגרוניך וכעס הארי ואמר הרי כבר נתתי לך ואתה שואלה ממני ואמ' לו היכן הוא ואמר הרי נתתי לך שכר גדול שהכנסת צוארך בתוך גרוני ולא אכלתי אותך כי כן דרכי ומדתי לאכול ולטרוף הבהמות והחיות והעופות. וזהו כיוצא בו שאמר אבימלך ליצחק ונשלחך בשלום, כלומר אתה היית עם אנשים כמותינו ולא עשינו עמך רק טוב ולא עוד אלא ששלחנוך בשלום, אתה עתה ברוך ה' כמו כן כרות ברית עמנו ושלחנו מאתך בשלום כמו שעשינו לך שאתה ברוך, דוגמת בא ברוך השם ואנכי פיניתי הבית שאמר לבן לאליעזר. וכן עשה יצחק כדכתיב וישלחם יצחק וילכו מאתו בשלום.)
- 3. HaKetav VeHaKabbala understands Moshe’s presentation regarding his overtures to Sichon following his interactions with Edom and Moav to reflect the fact that even though the Jews did not attack Edom and Moav once they were denied permission to enter these lands, that did not mean that the same would occur should Sichon turn the Jews down as well. Sichon understood that the Jews were afraid and therefore ripe for defeat, and this was why he came out to attack them. In fact, Moshe was just being courteous when he proposed a peaceable resolution to passing through Sichon’s land. An additional variable is that the land on which Sichon resided was designated as land that Jews would eventually live on—Reuven, Gad and ½ Menashe (this presumes that this was all part of the Divine Plan rather than merely a test for these 2 ½ tribes to see the extent to which they were interested in living in Canaan proper) and therefore one way or the other Sichon would be defeated, as opposed to the lands of Edom and Moav which never were intended for Jewish settlement.
- 4.
ויקרא פרק ד
(כב) אֲשֶׁר נָשִׂיא יֶחֱטָא וְעָשָׂה אַחַת מִכָּל מִצְוֹת יְקֹוָק אֱלֹהָיו אֲשֶׁר לֹא תֵעָשֶׂינָה בִּשְׁגָגָה וְאָשֵׁם:
אבן עזרא
(כב) אשר נשיא יחטא הפוך, וכן הוא: אשר יחטא הנשיא, והוא דבק אשר למעלה ואם כל עדת ישראל (יג), כאילו אמר: ואם אשר יחטא הוא נשיא שבט, או נשיא בית אב:
דברים פרק יח
(כב) אֲשֶׁר יְדַבֵּר הַנָּבִיא בְּשֵׁם יְקֹוָק וְלֹא יִהְיֶה הַדָּבָר וְלֹא יָבֹא הוּא הַדָּבָר אֲשֶׁר לֹא דִבְּרוֹ יְקֹוָק בְּזָדוֹן דִּבְּרוֹ הַנָּבִיא לֹא תָגוּר מִמֶּנּוּ: ס
רש"י דברים פרשת שפטים פרק יח פסוק כב
(כב) אשר ידבר הנביא - ויאמר דבר זה עתיד לבוא עליכם, ותראו שלא יבא, הוא הדבר אשר לא דברו ה' והרוג אותו. ואם תאמר זו במתנבא על העתידות, הרי שבא ואמר עשו כך וכך ומפי הקדוש ברוך הוא אני אומר, כבר נצטוו שאם בא להדיחך מאחת מכל המצות לא תשמע לו, אלא אם כן מומחה הוא לך שהוא צדיק גמור, כגון אליהו בהר הכרמל שהקריב בבמה בשעת איסור הבמות כדי לגדור את ישראל. הכל לפי צורך השעה וסייג הפרצה, לכך נאמר אליו תשמעון:
5.
במדבר פרק כא (כא) וַיִּשְׁלַח יִשְׂרָאֵל מַלְאָכִים אֶל סִיחֹן מֶלֶךְ הָאֱמֹרִי לֵאמֹר: (כב) אֶעְבְּרָה בְאַרְצֶךָ לֹא נִטֶּה בְּשָׂדֶה וּבְכֶרֶם לֹא נִשְׁתֶּה מֵי בְאֵר בְּדֶרֶךְ הַמֶּלֶךְ נֵלֵךְ עַד אֲשֶׁר נַעֲבֹר גְּבֻלֶךָ: (כג) וְלֹא נָתַן סִיחֹן אֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל עֲבֹר בִּגְבֻלוֹ וַיֶּאֱסֹף סִיחֹן אֶת כָּל עַמּוֹ וַיֵּצֵא לִקְרַאת יִשְׂרָאֵל הַמִּדְבָּרָה וַיָּבֹא יָהְצָה וַיִּלָּחֶם בְּיִשְׂרָאֵל: (כד) וַיַּכֵּהוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל לְפִי חָרֶב וַיִּירַשׁ אֶת אַרְצוֹ מֵאַרְנֹן עַד יַבֹּק עַד בְּנֵי עַמּוֹן כִּי עַז גְּבוּל בְּנֵי עַמּוֹן: (כה) וַיִּקַּח יִשְׂרָאֵל אֵת כָּל הֶעָרִים הָאֵלֶּה וַיֵּשֶׁב יִשְׂרָאֵל בְּכָל עָרֵי הָאֱמֹרִי בְּחֶשְׁבּוֹן וּבְכָל בְּנֹתֶיהָ: (כו) כִּי חֶשְׁבּוֹן עִיר סִיחֹן מֶלֶךְ הָאֱמֹרִי הִוא וְהוּא נִלְחַם בְּמֶלֶךְ מוֹאָב הָרִאשׁוֹן וַיִּקַּח אֶת כָּל אַרְצוֹ מִיָּדוֹ עַד אַרְנֹן: דברים ב (ל) וְלֹא אָבָה סִיחֹן מֶלֶךְ חֶשְׁבּוֹן הַעֲבִרֵנוּ בּוֹ כִּי הִקְשָׁה יְקֹוָק אֱלֹקיךָ אֶת רוּחוֹ וְאִמֵּץ אֶת לְבָבוֹ לְמַעַן תִּתּוֹ בְיָדְךָ כַּיּוֹם הַזֶּה: ס | במדבר פרק כ
אֱדוֹם כֹּה אָמַר אָחִיךָ יִשְׂרָאֵל אַתָּה יָדַעְתָּ אֵת כָּל הַתְּלָאָה אֲשֶׁר מְצָאָתְנוּ: (טו) וַיֵּרְדוּ אֲבֹתֵינוּ מִצְרַיְמָה וַנֵּשֶׁב בְּמִצְרַיִם יָמִים רַבִּים וַיָּרֵעוּ לָנוּ מִצְרַיִם וְלַאֲבֹתֵינוּ: (טז) וַנִּצְעַק אֶל יְקֹוָק וַיִּשְׁמַע קֹלֵנוּ וַיִּשְׁלַח מַלְאָךְ וַיֹּצִאֵנוּ מִמִּצְרָיִם וְהִנֵּה אֲנַחְנוּ בְקָדֵשׁ עִיר קְצֵה גְבוּלֶךָ: (יז) נַעְבְּרָה נָּא בְאַרְצֶךָ לֹא נַעֲבֹר בְּשָׂדֶה וּבְכֶרֶם וְלֹא נִשְׁתֶּה מֵי בְאֵר דֶּרֶךְ הַמֶּלֶךְ נֵלֵךְ לֹא נִטֶּה יָמִין וּשְׂמֹאול עַד אֲשֶׁר נַעֲבֹר גְּבֻלֶךָ: (יח) וַיֹּאמֶר אֵלָיו אֱדוֹם לֹא תַעֲבֹר בִּי פֶּן בַּחֶרֶב אֵצֵא לִקְרָאתֶךָ: (יט) וַיֹּאמְרוּ אֵלָיו בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל בַּמְסִלָּה נַעֲלֶה וְאִם מֵימֶיךָ נִשְׁתֶּה אֲנִי וּמִקְנַי וְנָתַתִּי מִכְרָם רַק אֵין דָּבָר בְּרַגְלַי אֶעֱבֹרָה: (כ) וַיֹּאמֶר לֹא תַעֲבֹר וַיֵּצֵא אֱדוֹם לִקְרָאתוֹ בְּעַם כָּבֵד וּבְיָד חֲזָקָה: (כא) וַיְמָאֵן אֱדוֹם נְתֹן אֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל עֲבֹר בִּגְבֻלוֹ וַיֵּט יִשְׂרָאֵל מֵעָלָיו: פ |
- In Devarim 2:22 there wasn’t the same phraseology that appeared in BaMidbar 20:19, the latter serving as an emphatic guarantee that the Jews would enter by force. Therefore Moshe never promised that the Jews would not enter Cheshbon by force if Sichon refused to give them safe passage. If in Devarim 2:30 it is stated that HaShem always Intended for Sichon to fight and lose, why did Moshe make a peace overture? According to HaKetav VeHaKabbala, the peace overture was not as far-reaching and absolute as the one offered to Edom and therefore Moshe, when offering peace, was not coming into conflict with God’s Plan to have Sichon fight and be defeated.
- 6. See above.
- 7. From what Balak, King of Moav states when planning to invite Bila’am to curse the Jews,
במדבר פרק כב
(ד) וַיֹּאמֶר מוֹאָב אֶל זִקְנֵי מִדְיָן עַתָּה יְלַחֲכוּ הַקָּהָל אֶת כָּל סְבִיבֹתֵינוּ כִּלְחֹךְ הַשּׁוֹר אֵת יֶרֶק הַשָּׂדֶה וּבָלָק בֶּן צִפּוֹר מֶלֶךְ לְמוֹאָב בָּעֵת הַהִוא:
- it would appear that the Moabites were not going to permit the Jews to enter their land any time soon.
- Gimel.
- R. D.Z. Hoffmann appears to disconnect Devarim 2:29 from v. 27 and 28, i.e., the only relevant piece of information for Sichon is that Edom and Moav allowed the Jews to pass by freely on external roads and that’s all that Moshe is requesting for Sichon to agree to. The issue of food and drink as well as sticking to the roads within the countries might have been proposed by Moshe, but once these conditions were rejected, they no longer played a role in the negotiations with Sichon and were not on the table.
Monday, August 1, 2011
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